Polymorphism and association of growth hormone gene with growth traits in Sirohi and Barbari breeds of goat

Abstract Aim: The aim was to study the polymorphism of exon 2 and exon 3 of growth hormone (GH) gene, to test the polymorphic variants for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and to investigate association of these polymorphisms with chest girth and paunch girth in Sirohi and Barbari breeds of goat. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 kids involving forty each of Sirohi and Barbari breeds of goat were included in the study. A good quality genomic DNA isolated from the whole blood using standard protocol were used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and products obtained on restriction digestion of amplicon with enzyme HaeIII were separated on 2% agarose gel, and documented in a gel doc system. The chest girth and paunch girth of kids at birth and weekly intervals up to 4 weeks of age and subsequently at 2 months, 3 months and 6 months of age were recorded. Allele frequency and genotype distribution of polymorphism were tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by program me Genepop package. Association between different genetic variants on chest girth and paunch girth were analyzed by least squares analysis employing suitable statistical model. Results: The PCR product of genomic DNA isolated from kids of Sirohi and Barbari breeds of goat on digestion with the restriction enzyme HaeIII revealed two genotypic variants viz., AB and BB. None of the two breeds was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for these variants. The least squares analysis of variance revealed non-significant effect of GH genotype and breed × genotype interaction on chest girth and paunch girth from birth to 180 days of age. The effect of breed was highly significant (p<0.01) at all ages. Conclusion: The present study showed that both the breeds were polymorphic at the exon 2 and exon 3 loci of GH gene under study with respect to HaeIII restriction endonuclease. None of the breeds was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this region of GH gene. In the present study, no significant association between GH genotype and chest girth and paunch girth could be established but comparatively higher chest girth and paunch girth were observed for AB genotype across the breeds

GC MS Based Comparative Phytochemical Profiling of Rhodiola Imbricata Roots Collected from Different High Mountain Passes of Ladakh India and a First Report of Apocynin from Genus Rhodiola

Rhodiola imbricata is a high value medicinal plant of trans-Himalayan mountain passes in Ladakh. This plant is a highly sought after in national and international herbal product market due to its unique phytochemical composition and resultant medicinal properties. However, compositional variation in the raw material from different geographical locations results in variation in quality as well as efficacy of the final products. The current study was designed to generate the comparative GC-MS profiles of hydro-methanolic extracts of Rhodiola imbricata root samples collected from various locations in Ladakh i.e., Chang La (17605 ft), Khardung La (18,379 ft), and Shashi La (13908 ft) mountain passes. The study highlighted variations in volatile phytochemical composition in root samples collected from different locations, especially with respect to phenols, terpenes and fatty acids. Samples from Chang La had maximum amount of phenolic compounds (96.78 per cent), followed by samples from Khardung La (77.05 per cent) while they were undetected in samples from Shashi La pass. Specifically, comparative GC-MS profiling revealed that peak area percentage of two important bioactive compounds (i.e. piceol and apocynin) varied amongst samples. In the samples collected from Chang La, the piceol covered (94 per cent) and apocynin covered (2.78 per cent) peak area whereas in samples collected from Khardung La, piceol covered (73.8 per cent) and apocynin covered (3.25 per cent) peak areas respectively, however, samples collected from Shashi La showed none of these compounds. Interestingly, in the present study, apocynin (a potent NADPH oxidase inhibitor) is being reported for the first time from Rhodoila genus. On the basis of present findings, samples collected from Chang La and Khardung La passes showed better phytochemical composition of pharmacological active phenolic compounds than Shashi La sample

Ostry zespół wieńcowy u 16-letniego chłopca — opis przypadku

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a rare but important cause of acute coronary syndromes in young patients.16-year-old boy presented as acute anterior wall myocardial infarction for which he was thrombolysed. Coronary angiogramshowed spiral luminal filling defects, with extensive contrast staining of proximal left anterior descending arteryand its branches. The patient refused angioplasty, which was advised, and was managed conservatively. Three weekslater he presented with acute coronary syndrome with unstable angina. Repeated angiogram showed complete healingof dissection. The hospital course of the patient was uncomplicated. This shows, that sometimes higher grade dissectionbeside intervention, can respond to conservative management as well.Samoistne rozwarstwienie tętnicy wieńcowej jest rzadką, lecz ważną, przyczyną ostrych zespołów wieńcowych u młodych pacjentów. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono przypadek 16-letniego chłopca, u którego wystąpił ostry zawał ściany przedniej. Zastosowano leczenie trombolityczne. W koronarografii stwierdzono ubytki wypełnienia w kształcie spiralnym z silnym zakontrastowaniem proksymalnego odcinka gałęzi międzykomorowej przedniej i jej gałęzi. Zalecono wykonanie angioplastyki wieńcowej, jednak chory nie wyraził zgody na zabieg i w związku z tym zastosowano leczenie zachowawcze. Po 3 tygodniach u pacjenta wystąpił ostry zespół wieńcowy w postaci niestabilnej dławicy piersiowej. W wykonanym powtórnie angiogramie stwierdzono całkowite wygojenie rozwarstwienia. Hospitalizacja chorego przebiegała bez powikłań. Opisany przypadek pokazuje, że w niektórych rozwarstwieniach znacznego stopnia można uzyskać dobrą odpowiedź na leczenie zachowawcze bez zabiegów interwencyjnych

Successful transcatheter closure of very large ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm

Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm, usually a congenital anomaly, almost always ruptures into the right side of the heart causing a left-to-right shunt with profound hemodynamic consequences. With the availability of devices and hardware, transcatheter closure is gradually replacing surgical one. Till now, most of closures have been performed by Amplatzer duct occluder. To the best of our knowledge, the present case is first to be reported with this rare defect undergoing successful transcatheter closure of largest ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm arising from right coronary sinus by using 20/18 mm Cocoon Duct Occluder (Vascular Innovations, Nonthaburi, Thailand)

Genetic parameters and association analysis for grain yield and yield attributing traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm lines

The intensity of trait association and genetic variability of yield attributing variables in 217 rice genotypes was investigated during kharif 2018. The existence of genetic variability among the genotypes was demonstrated by analysis of variance, which recorded significant differences for all the seven studied parameters.  The estimation of variability indicated that  The full grain number per panicle (37.2 % and 34.1 %) & single plant yield (24.7 % and 20.55 %) had the highest intensity of phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficients of variation ( GCV), and  High heritability along with high genetic advance as a per cent of mean (GAM) was  found in Plant height (98.9 % and 20.8 %), panicle number per plant (95.4 % and 36 %), panicle length(96.8 % and 35.9 %), full grain number per panicle(99.5 % and 61.6 %), thousand seed weight (98.1 % and 40.25 %) and single plant yield (69.2 % and 35.2 %) , depicting additive gene action in inheritance of these parameters. A simple selection procedure can help to enhance these characteristics even further. Correlation and regression coefficient findings indicated that plant height (0.193**) and the full grain number per panicle (0.177**) had a significant impact on single plant yield. The full grain number per panicle (0.265**), followed by thousand seed weight (0.194**) and plant height (0.110**), had the maximum direct positive effect on single plant yield, as per path coefficient analysis. As a result, accessions with a higher full grain number per panicle, thousand seed weight and plant height would be suitable for yield enhancement programme

Joga i rehabilitacja kardiologiczna (Yoga-CaRe) u osób po przebyciu ostrego epizodu wieńcowego

Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of death and disability in Asian Indians with huge psychological and economic impact as it affects population in thirty- and forty-year-olds, previously healthy adults and most productive social group. Successful transcatheter therapeutics has opened a new vista for its management; however, it cannot prevent its recurrence. Therefore, secondary prevention is cornerstone of management. Yoga-based Cardiac Rehabilitation (Yoga-CaRe) is a multifaceted approach targeting patient’s physical, psychological, social and occupational status, preventing or delaying the progression of underlying disease and reducing the risk of recurrent rehospitalization and death as well as enabling the patients to live a comfortable and active life. Yoga is an ancient Indian system of philosophy; a mind-body discipline encompassing an array of philosophical precepts, mental attitudes and physical practice. Of seven major branches of yoga, Hatha yoga, which itself includes many different styles (e.g. Iyenger, Ashtanga, etc.), is probably the most commonly recognized, and incorporates elements of physical poses, breath control and meditation, and self-restraint (including that of diet, smoking, alcohol intake and sleep patterns). A Cochrane review reported a 27% reduction in total mortality and 19% reduction in total mortality and non-fatal cardiac events with cardiac rehabilitation (CR), comparing favorably to effective pharmacological treatments (e.g. antiplatelets, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, statins and beta-blockers). Yoga, therefore, could provide a useful frame work on which to develop an economical CR program, with additional advantages of being culturally appropriate to Indians and potentially be appealing to global population.Choroby układu sercowo-naczyniowego są główną przyczyną zgonów i niepełnosprawności mieszkańców Indii, a ponadto mają ogromny wpływ psychologiczny i ekonomiczny, ponieważ często dotykają 30- i 40-latków, wcześniej niechorujących, którzy stanowią najbardziej produktywną grupę społeczną. Skuteczne techniki przezcewnikowe otworzyły nowe perspektywy w leczeniu tych chorób, jednak nie mogą zapobiec ich nawrotom. Z tego względu podstawowe znaczenie ma prewencja wtórna. Rehabilitacja kardiologiczna oparta na jodze (Yoga-CaRe) to wielopłaszczyznowe podejście oddziałujące na sferę fizyczną, psychiczną, społeczną i zawodową, którego celem jest zapobieganie lub spowalnianie progresji choroby podstawowej i obniżenie ryzyka ponownej hospitalizacji lub zgonu, a także poprawa komfortu życia i zachowanie pełnej aktywności. Joga to starożytny hinduski system filozoficzny, którego istotą jest dyscyplina ciała i umysłu i który obejmuje szereg reguł filozoficznych oraz ćwiczeń mentalnych i fizycznych. Spośród siedmiu głównych odmian jogi najbardziej znaną jest Hatha yoga, która również obejmuje wiele różnych rodzajów (tj. Iyenger, Ashtanga etc.) i łączy element ćwiczeń fizycznych, kontroli oddechu i medytacji z samoograniczeniami (dotyczącymi diety, palenia tytoniu, spożywania alkoholu i snu). W przeglądzie danych dostępnych w bazie Cochrane wykazano, że rehabilitacja kardiologiczna (CR) powoduje zmniejszenie o 27% śmiertelności całkowitej oraz o 19% śmiertelności całkowitej i zdarzeń sercowych niezakończonych zgonem, a więc pozwala uzyskać korzystniejsze efekty niż skuteczna farmakoterapia (tj. leki przeciwpłytkowe, inhibitory konwertazy angiotensyny, statyny i antagoniści receptorów beta-adrenergicznych). Joga może być użyteczna jako podstawa do opracowania ekonomicznego program CR, a jej dodatkowym atutem jest zgodność z kulturą Indii i popularność na całym świecie

Burden of injury along the development spectrum : associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. Results For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. Conclusions The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum.Peer reviewe

Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are grounded in the global ambition of “leaving no one behind”. Understanding today’s gains and gaps for the health-related SDGs is essential for decision makers as they aim to improve the health of populations. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016), we measured 37 of the 50 health-related SDG indicators over the period 1990–2016 for 188 countries, and then on the basis of these past trends, we projected indicators to 2030

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODErn), to generate cause fractions and cause specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised. Findings At the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NC Ds) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73.4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72.5-74.1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 186% (17.9-19.6), and injuries 8.0% (7.7-8.2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22.7% (21.5-23.9), representing an additional 7.61 million (7. 20-8.01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7.9% (7.08.8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 222% (20.0-24.0) and the death rate by 31.8% (30.1-33.3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2.3% (0-5-4-0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13.7% (12.2-15.1) to 57.9 deaths (55.9-59.2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000-289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000-363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118.0% (88.8-148.6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36.4% (32.2-40.6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33.6% (31.2-36.1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respirator}, infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990 neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases. Interpretation Improvements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade. Copyright (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2\ub75th percentile and 100 as the 97\ub75th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59\ub74 (IQR 35\ub74–67\ub73), ranging from a low of 11\ub76 (95% uncertainty interval 9\ub76–14\ub70) to a high of 84\ub79 (83\ub71–86\ub77). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030