Short communication. Modelling of the population dynamics of Phalaris brachystachys Link under various herbicide control scenarios in a Mediterranean climate

The weed Phalaris brachystachys Link (short-spiked canarygrass) severely affects cereal production in regions with a Mediterranean climate. A mathematical model for simulating the population dynamics of this weed was constructed using previously reported brachystachys populations

Empleo del ensilaje de cítrico como sustituto parcial del pienso B para cerdos en crecimiento

18 pigs of the Yorshire-Landrace x Duroc commercial crossroads of 29.5 kg and 85 days of average age were used, distributed in a randomized block design with equal proportion of castrated females and males, to evaluate their productive and economic behavior during the growth by including different levels of citrus silage (0; 10 and 20%) as a partial substitute for feed B. The main productive results were, respectively: final weight: 61.5; 56.45 and 51.42 kg; average daily gain: 589; 503 and 404 g / day; dry matter consumption: 2.49; 1.98 and 1.37 (kg / d); crude protein consumption: 0.35; 0.30 and 0.21 (kg / d) that differed significantly for (P <0.001) between groups. The dry matter conversion (4.24; 3.99 and 3.38 kg / kg body weight) differed P <0.05) between the groups, while the crude protein conversion (0.63; 0.60 and 0.52 kg / kg body weight) showed no significant differences between the levels of citrus silage inclusion. The economic study showed a saving of $172.90 and$ 371.80, for 10 and 20% inclusion, respectively. According to the behavioral results and the economic study, the inclusion of up to 20% citrus silage is recommended as an alternative way to feed pigs in growth.Se  utilizaron 18 cerdos del cruce  comercial Yorshire-Landrace x Duroc de 29,5 kg y 85 días de edad promedio, distribuidos en un diseño de bloque al azar  con igual proporción  de  hembras y  machos castrados,  para   evaluar  su  comportamiento productivo  y  económico  durante  el  crecimiento  al  incluir  diferentes  niveles  de ensilaje  de   cítrico  (0;  10  y  20 %)  como   sustituto  parcial  del  pienso  B.  Los principales resultados productivos fueron, respectivamente: peso final: 61,5; 56,45 y 51,42  kg;  ganancia media  diaria:  589;  503  y 404  g/día;  consumo de  materia seca: 2,49;  1,98  y 1,37  (kg/d); consumo de proteína bruta:  0,35;  0,30  y 0,21(kg/d) que  difirieron significativamente para  (P<0,001) entre  los grupos. La conversión de materia  seca (4,24;  3,99  y  3,38  kg/kg  de  peso vivo)  difirió  P<0,05)  entre   los grupos, mientras que  la conversión de  proteína bruta  (0,63;  0,60  y 0,52  kg/kg de peso vivo) no  mostró  diferencias significativas entre  los niveles de  inclusión de ensilaje  de   cítrico.  El  estudio  económico  evidenció  un  ahorro   de    172,90  y 371,80, para  el 10 y el 20 % de  inclusión, respectivamente. De acuerdo con los resultados de  comportamiento y el estudio económico se recomienda la inclusión de   hasta  un   20 %   de   ensilaje   de   cítrico   como   forma   alternativa   para    la alimentación de cerdos en crecimiento

Modelización de la dinámica de poblaciones de Phalaris brachystachys bajo diversos escenarios de control herbicida en un clima mediterráneo

The weed Phalaris brachystachys Link (short-spiked canarygrass) severely affects cereal production in regions with a Mediterranean climate. A mathematical model for simulating the population dynamics of this weed was constructed using previously reported data and new information. The model was used to describe the long-term dynamics of the population in the absence of control practices and to predict the effect of various control strategies based on the annual application of herbicides at 50%, 75% and 100% of the standard rate in winter wheat. Without control the seed bank population would reach an equilibrium level at a density of 21,244 seeds m-2 after six years. Annual application of herbicides at 50%, 75% and 100% of the standard rate resulted in reductions in the equilibrium position of the population of only 5.44%, 12.27% and 26.14%, respectively. Sensitivity analysis indicated that seedbank dynamics was particularly sensitive to fecundity, seed bank mortality and seed losses, and that new control strategies should target these population parameters. The current model has highlighted the fact that herbicide tactics are not able to stabilize or decrease short-spiked canarygrass populations in winter wheat in the longer-term. Integration of herbicide applications and agronomic practices may be required to attain effective reductions of P. brachystachys populations.Phalaris brachystachys Link (alpiste) es una mala hierba que afecta de forma importante a la producción de cereales en regiones de clima mediterráneo. En este trabajo se desarrolló un modelo matemático para simular la dinámica de poblaciones de esta especie. El modelo fue utilizado para describir el comportamiento a largo plazo de las poblaciones en ausencia de prácticas de control y para predecir el efecto de varias estrategias de control basadas en la aplicación de herbicidas al 50%, 75% y 100% de la dosis recomendada en trigo de invierno. En ausencia de control el banco de semilla alcanzó un nivel de equilibrio a una densidad de 21.244 semillas m-2 al sexto año. Bajo aplicación anual de herbicidas al 50%, 75% y 100% de la dosis comercial, la posición de equilibrio de la población se redujo en sólo 5,44%, 12,27% y 23,14% respectivamente. El análisis de sensibilidad indicó que el modelo fue particularmente sensible a la fecundidad, mortalidad del banco de semilla y pérdida de semillas, por tanto, las nuevas estrategias de control deberían estar dirigidas en esta dirección. El modelo desarrollado muestra la dificultad de estabilizar o disminuir la población de alpiste a largo plazo en trigo de invierno. Con el objetivo de obtener un reducción efectiva de las poblaciones de P. brachystachys se requiere una integración de control por herbicidas con practicas culturales

The gene expression profile of the glucocorticoid receptor 1 (gr1) but not gr2 is modulated in mucosal tissues of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) exposed to acute air-exposure stress

The perception of an acute stressor (short-duration; high-intensity) induces a physiological response that activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis and the subsequent release of cortisol. Cortisol carries out its effect at the molecular level through its recognition by the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Recently, we unveiled the nucleotide sequence of the glucocorticoid receptor 1 (gr1) and gr2 in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Importantly, GR1 and GR2 respond to different levels of cortisol concentration in fish and, consequently, play a differential role in the stress response. To date, and despite their relevance, no data describes the modulation of these receptors in response to an acute stressor in gilthead sea bream (S. aurata). In this study, we evaluated the kinetics of modulation of cortisol receptors expression (gr1, gr2, mr), and its similarity with the expression pattern of selected genes associated with stress (hsp70; enolase) and immune response (lysozyme; c3; il-1 beta; tnf-alpha; il-10; tgf-beta 1) in gilthead sea bream mucosal tissues (skin; gills; anterior gut). To do it, fish were acutely stressed by three-minute air exposure, and the expression profile was evaluated at zero, 1 h, 6 h, and 24 h post-stress (hps). The cortisol level in plasma and skin mucus peaked at 1 hps. All the mucosal tissues showed a time-dependent and tissue-specific upregulation of gr1 and mr. The immune-related genes showed the upregulation of il-1 beta at 6 hps (gills; anterior gut), and tnf-alpha and c3 at 24 hps (anterior gut). Taking together, our study concludes that fish subjected to three-minute air exposure modulated the expression of gr1 but not gr2 in mucosal tissues (skin; gills; anterior gut). Furthermore, our data reinforce the idea of a stimulatory effect induced in genes associated with the innate immune response after acute stress but focused at the mucosal level and in a time- and tissue-dependent manner

A cell-free approach with a supporting biomaterial in the form of dispersed microspheres induces hyaline cartilage formation in a rabbit knee model

[EN] The objective of this study was to test a regenerative medicine strategy for the regeneration of articular cartilage. This approach combines microfracture of the subchondral bone with the implant at the site of the cartilage defect of a supporting biomaterial in the form of microspheres aimed at creating an adequate biomechanical environment for the differentiation of the mesenchymal stem cells that migrate from the bone marrow. The possible inflammatory response to these biomaterials was previously studied by means of the culture of RAW264.7 macrophages. The microspheres were implanted in a 3¿mm-diameter defect in the trochlea of the femoral condyle of New Zealand rabbits, covering them with a poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) membrane manufactured by electrospinning. Experimental groups included a group where exclusively PLLA microspheres were implanted, another group where a mixture of 50/50 microspheres of PLLA (hydrophobic and rigid) and others of chitosan (a hydrogel) were used, and a third group used as a control where no material was used and only the membrane was covering the defect. The histological characteristics of the regenerated tissue have been evaluated 3 months after the operation. We found that during the regeneration process the microspheres, and the membrane covering them, are displaced by the neoformed tissue in the regeneration space toward the subchondral bone region, leaving room for the formation of a tissue with the characteristics of hyaline cartilage.Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICPBA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Grant/Award Number: 11/X643; Agencia Estatal de Investigación/Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional de la Unión Europea, Grant/Award Number: MAT2016-76039-C4-1 2-R; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO)Zurriaga Carda, J.; Lastra, ML.; Antolinos-Turpin, CM.; Morales-Román, RM.; Sancho-Tello, M.; Perea-Ruiz, S.; Milián, L.... (2020). A cell-free approach with a supporting biomaterial in the form of dispersed microspheres induces hyaline cartilage formation in a rabbit knee model. 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(2016). Poly (L-Lactic Acid) Porous Scaffold-Supported Alginate Hydrogel with Improved Mechanical Properties and Biocompatibility. The International Journal of Artificial Organs, 39(8), 435-443. doi:10.5301/ijao.5000516Conoscenti, G., Schneider, T., Stoelzel, K., Carfì Pavia, F., Brucato, V., Goegele, C., … Schulze-Tanzil, G. (2017). PLLA scaffolds produced by thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) allow human chondrocyte growth and extracellular matrix formation dependent on pore size. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 80, 449-459. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2017.06.011Dashtdar, H., Murali, M. R., Abbas, A. A., Suhaeb, A. M., Selvaratnam, L., Tay, L. X., & Kamarul, T. (2013). PVA-chitosan composite hydrogel versus alginate beads as a potential mesenchymal stem cell carrier for the treatment of focal cartilage defects. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 23(5), 1368-1377. doi:10.1007/s00167-013-2723-5Denlinger, L. C., Fisette, P. L., Garis, K. 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H., & Hui, J. H. P. (2013). Evidence-Based Status of Microfracture Technique: A Systematic Review of Level I and II Studies. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 29(9), 1579-1588. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2013.05.027Hangody, L., Kish, G., Kárpáti, Z., Udvarhelyi, I., Szigeti, I., & Bély, M. (1998). Mosaicplasty for the Treatment of Articular Cartilage Defects: Application in Clinical Practice. Orthopedics, 21(7), 751-756. doi:10.3928/0147-7447-19980701-04Hoemann, C., Kandel, R., Roberts, S., Saris, D. B. F., Creemers, L., Mainil-Varlet, P., … Buschmann, M. D. (2011). International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) Recommended Guidelines for Histological Endpoints for Cartilage Repair Studies in Animal Models and Clinical Trials. CARTILAGE, 2(2), 153-172. doi:10.1177/1947603510397535Kumar, M. N. V. R., Muzzarelli, R. A. A., Muzzarelli, C., Sashiwa, H., & Domb, A. J. (2004). Chitosan Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Perspectives. 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Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 106(2), 570-579. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.36260Lastra, M. L., Molinuevo, M. S., Cortizo, A. M., & Cortizo, M. S. (2016). Fumarate Copolymer-Chitosan Cross-Linked Scaffold Directed to Osteochondrogenic Tissue Engineering. Macromolecular Bioscience, 17(5). doi:10.1002/mabi.201600219Lebourg, M., Martínez-Díaz, S., García-Giralt, N., Torres-Claramunt, R., Ribelles, J. G., Vila-Canet, G., & Monllau, J. (2013). Cell-free cartilage engineering approach using hyaluronic acid–polycaprolactone scaffolds: A study in vivo. Journal of Biomaterials Applications, 28(9), 1304-1315. doi:10.1177/0885328213507298Luzardo-Alvarez, A., Blarer, N., Peter, K., Romero, J. F., Reymond, C., Corradin, G., & Gander, B. (2005). Biodegradable microspheres alone do not stimulate murine macrophages in vitro, but prolong antigen presentation by macrophages in vitro and stimulate a solid immune response in mice. 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Identificación por Cromatografía de Gases - Espectrometría de Masas y determinación cuantitativa por Cromatografía de Gases de los productos de degradación térmica de las tabletas de policosanol (20 mg) revestidas

Mediante Cromatografía de Gases Espectrometría de Masas se identificaron los estearatos y palmitatos de hexacosanilo, octacosanilo y triacontanilo como los principales productos de degradación térmica en las tabletas de policosanol de 20 mg de ingrediente activo. Para cuantificar estos productos de degradación se desarrolló y validó una metodología por cromatograf ía de gases con detector de ionización por llama, utilizando una columna capilar wide-bore BPX-5 (25 m X 0,53 mm d.i. X 1,0 µm de espesor de película) y estearato de docosanilo como patrón interno, mediante un programa de temperatura entre 300 y 350 °C . Al validar la metodología, esta mostró buena exactitud y linealidad en un intervalo entre 2,5 y 30 % de degradación del ingrediente activo. Los estudios de precisión realizados a este método (repetibilidad y precisi ón intermedia) mostraron coeficientes de variación menores del 2 % en el aná- lisis de tabletas con un 7,2 % de degradación. Los límites de detección y cuantificaci ón encontrados para el palmitato de hexacosanilo, uno de los ésteres minoritarios de la mezcla, (0,006 y 0,022 mg/tableta, respectivamente) demostraron la posibilidad de emplear esta metodología para el análisis de tabletas con menos de un 2 % de degradación, además de obtener buena precisión y recobrado en el análisis de tabletas contaminadas con palmitato de hexacosanilo en una concentración correspondiente al límite de cuantificaci ón. El método puede ser utilizado como soporte en los estudios de estabilidad de dichas tabletas

Microstructural, mechanical, electrochemical, and biological studies of an electron beam melted Ti-6Al-4V alloy

This work studied the feasibility of an electron beam melting (EBM) Ti-6Al-4V alloy as a biomaterial for implants. Comparisons were made with a wrought forged Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The objective of this work was a detailed description of the microstructural and surface roughness effects on mechanical, electrochemical, and in-vivo biological performances. The EBMed condition showed higher mechanical properties, as well as higher electrochemical and ion release rates. These results were mainly influenced by the lamellar grain morphology and complex crystallographic texture of the EBMed alloy compared to the forged one. The higher area average roughness of the EBMed condition boosted the adhesion, proliferation, and biofilm formation of osteosarcoma (MG63), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The mechanical, ion release, corrosion, and in-vivo biological results in both studied conditions met the requirements for orthopedic and dental biomaterials. However, the forged condition is more recommended for patients with clinic stories related to S. epidermidis and S. aureus illnesses

Diversidad genética y distribución regional de cepas de Mycobacterium bovis del ganado en México

The molecular fingerprints of 878 isolates of Mycobacterium bovis from cattle, mostly dairy cattle, collected from cattle between 2009 and 2010 in different regions of Mexico were obtained by spoligotyping. Seventy-two percent (72 %) of the spoligotypes fell into nine clusters, and 27 % of the isolates fell into only two spoligotypes; 149 were orphan spoligotypes. The two predominant spoligotypes, arbitrarily designated as SP1 and SP2, were found in almost all States in Mexico, especially in central Mexico, where a concentration of dairy cattle is known. In spite of the wide distribution of spoligotypes observed, some show high regional preference, especially those in geographically distant regions. Only a few spoligotypes show patterns completely different from those shown by the most frequent spoligotypes, suggesting strange sources of infection or the formation of new genetic lines derived from non-lethal mutations. Most States with predominantly high dairy cattle populations showed similar spoligotypes, suggesting exchange of animals between regions. Some spoligotypes are common to dairy and beef cattle, suggesting transmission between populations, most probably due to the movement of dairy cattle to non-dairy regions.Se obtuvieron patrones moleculares (espoligotipos) de 878 aislados de Mycobacterium bovis de ganado de diferentes regiones de México entre los años 2009 y 2010. Setenta y dos por ciento (72 %) de los espoligotipos cayeron en nueve grupos y 27 % de los aislados dentro de sólo dos espoligotipos; 149 fueron espoligotipos individuales. Los dos espoligotipos predominantes, arbitrariamente identificados como SP1 y SP2, se distribuyen en la mayor parte del territorio nacional, en especial en la zona centro de México en ganado especializado en producción de leche. A pesar de la amplia distribución geográfica de los espoligotipos de mayor frecuencia, algunos muestran cierta localización, en especial los encontrados en zonas geográficas distantes, como es el caso de Chihuahua y Baja California. Aunque pocos, algunos espoligotipos muestran patrones moleculares distintos a los mostrados por los espoligotipos de mayor frecuencia, sugiriendo fuentes de infección desconocida. La mayoría de los Estados con ganadería predominantemente lechera muestran espoligotipos comunes, lo que sugiere intercambio regional frecuente de ganado. Algunos espoligotipos son comunes en ganado para leche y ganado para carne, lo que sugiere transmisión entre estas dos poblaciones; se desconoce, sin embargo, si los animales de carne infectados provienen de explotaciones extensivas o si son de engordas ubicadas dentro de la explotación lechera. Se propone la tipificación rutinaria de aislados de M. bovis obtenidos en todos los laboratorios de diagnóstico y mejorar la captura de información epidemiológica de los casos, para hacer mejores conclusiones epidemiológicas de la distribución espacial de las cepas de este agente en el territorio nacional

Ценностные ориентации, как основа для формирования профессиональных компетенций учащихся специальности «Медико-профилактическое дело»

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