Attribution and Categorization Effects in the Representation of Gender Stereotypes

Social stereotypes involve judgments of how typical certain personality traits are of a group. According to the attribution hypothesis, judgments of trait typicality depend on the perceived prevalence of the trait in the target group. According to the categorization hypothesis, such judgments depend on the degree to which a trait is thought to be more or less prevalent in the target group than in a relevant comparison group. A study conducted with women and men as target groups showed that the attribution hypothesis fit the data best when typicality ratings were made in an absolute format. When, however, typicality ratings were made in a comparative format (how typical is the trait of women as compared with men?), both hypotheses received support. Analytical derivation, supported by empirical evidence, showed an inverse relationship between the size of perceived group differences and their weight given in stereotyping. Implications for stereotype measurement and the rationality of social perception are discussed

Heterogeneity of wheat endosperm proteolipids (CM proteins)

Proteins extracted with CHCl3-MeOH from wheat endosperm have been fractionated by Sephadex G-100 and the 15 000–20 000 MW range fraction, designated CM protein, has been examined by combined electrofocusing (pH range 5–8) and electrophoresis (pH 3.2) and the heterogeneity of the electrophoretic components has been ascertained. It has been shown by joint mapping and by sequential extraction that CM proteins are extracted by 70% EtOH but not by H2O, although they can be made water-soluble after dialysis against an acid buffer, pH 3.2, 3 M urea, without losing their solubility in CHCl3-MeOH mixtures. It is concluded that CM proteins fit the definition of a Folch—Lees proteolipid. The Triticum aestivum (genomes ABD) map can be reconstructed by mixing T. durum (AB) and Aegilops squarrosa (D). The low intragenomic variability of CM protein is confirmed

Fracture toughness measurements on igneous rocks using a high-pressure, high-temperature rock fracture mechanics cell

A sound knowledge of mechanical properties of rocks at high temperatures and pressures is essential for modelling volcanological problems such as fracture of lava flows and dike emplacement. In particular, fracture toughness is a scale-invariant material property of a rock that describes its resistance to tensile failure. A new fracture mechanics apparatus has been constructed enabling fracture toughness measurements on large (60 mm diameter) rock core samples at temperatures up to 750–C and pressures up to 50 MPa. We present a full description of this apparatus and, by plotting fracture resistance as a function of crack length, show that the size of the samples is sufficient for reliable fracture toughness measurements. A series of tests on Icelandic, Vesuvian and Etnean basalts at temperatures from 30 to 600–C and confining pressures up to 30 MPa gave fracture toughness values between 1.4 and 3.8 MPa m1=2. The Icelandic basalt is the strongest material and the Etnean material sampled from the surface crust of a lava flow the weakest. Increasing temperature does not greatly affect the fracture toughness of the Etnean or Vesuvian material but the Icelandic samples showed a marked increase in toughness at around 150–C, followed by a return to ambient toughness levels. This material also became tougher under moderate confining pressure but the other two materials showed little change in toughness. We describe in terms of fracture mechanics probable causes for the changes in fracture toughness and compare our experimental results with values obtained from dike propagation modelling found in the literature

The Role of Extracurricular Activities and Lectures in Mitigating Medical Student Burnout

CONTEXT: Strong evidence throughout the literature highlights burnout as a significant and increasing problem among medical students, impacting students\u27 ability to effectively care for and empathize with patients. OBJECTIVES: To examine how involvement in extracurricular activities and attendance at burnout lectures can impact burnout among medical students. METHODS: An anonymous digital survey including the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was sent to all students (n=765) at Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine. The survey included questions regarding the number of burnout/wellness lectures respondents had attended, the number of clubs in which the respondents participated, the number of hours spent in these clubs, and any leadership positions held by the respondents. RESULTS: Of the 765 students enrolled, 597 completed the survey. Results indicated that women participated in significantly more clubs than men ( CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate the importance of understanding what drives burnout on the individual level and adapting interventions to suit the needs of individual students, rather than the student body as a whole

Children's relationships with their physical school : considerations of primary architecture and furniture design in a social and cultural context

In recent years substantial investment has been made to replace or refurbish state schools in England and Wales and, although research has unsuccessfully sought to prove its contribution, the discipline of Design continues to be identified as a facilitator of educational transformation. Results to date, however, are mixed and there is an evident failing at the design briefing stage to understand how children interact with their educational settings and, notably, an avoidance of direct challenge to the primary school classroom and its practice. In response, this thesis asks how the social and cultural study of children’s relationships with their physical school can suggest a meaningful approach to primary school architecture and furniture design. A model of well-being is developed to clarify misused terminology and to present a realistic expectation of design in which the contradictory goals of inclusion and the development of the individual are appraised. Sitting within a diverse grounded methodology, the concept of belonging is then explored as a basis for evaluating the contribution of different aspects of the physical school to children’s well-being.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Children's relationships with their physical school : considerations of primary architecture and furniture design in a social and cultural context

In recent years substantial investment has been made to replace or refurbish state schools in England and Wales and, although research has unsuccessfully sought to prove its contribution, the discipline of Design continues to be identified as a facilitator of educational transformation. Results to date, however, are mixed and there is an evident failing at the design briefing stage to understand how children interact with their educational settings and, notably, an avoidance of direct challenge to the primary school classroom and its practice. In response, this thesis asks how the social and cultural study of children’s relationships with their physical school can suggest a meaningful approach to primary school architecture and furniture design. A model of well-being is developed to clarify misused terminology and to present a realistic expectation of design in which the contradictory goals of inclusion and the development of the individual are appraised. Sitting within a diverse grounded methodology, the concept of belonging is then explored as a basis for evaluating the contribution of different aspects of the physical school to children’s well-being.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Microstructural differences in the thalamus and thalamic radiations in the congenitally deaf

There is evidence of both crossmodal and intermodal plasticity in the deaf brain. Here, we investigated whether sub-cortical plasticity, specifically of the thalamus, contributed to this reorganisation. We contrasted diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging data from 13 congenitally deaf and 13 hearing participants, all of whom had learnt British Sign Language after 10 years of age. Connectivity based segmentation of the thalamus revealed changes to mean and radial diffusivity in occipital and frontal regions, which may be linked to enhanced peripheral visual acuity, and differences in how visual attention is deployed in the deaf group. Using probabilistic tractography, tracts were traced between the thalamus and its cortical targets, and microstructural measurements were extracted from these tracts. Group differences were found in microstructural measurements of occipital, frontal, somatosensory, motor and parietal thalamo-cortical tracts. Our findings suggest there is sub-cortical plasticity in the deaf brain, and that white matter alterations can be found throughout the deaf brain, rather than being restricted to, or focussed in auditory cortex

Transcribing screen-capture data : the process of developing a transcription system for multi-modal text-based data

Transcription of audio data is widespread in qualitative research, with transcription of video data also becoming common. Online data is now being collected using screen-capture or video software, which then needs transcribing. This paper draws together literature on transcription of spoken interaction and highlights key transcription principles, namely reflecting the methodological approach, readability, accessibility, and usability. These principles provide a framework for developing a transcription system for multi-modal text-based data. The process of developing a transcription system for data from Facebook chat is described and reflected on. Key issues in the transcription of multi-modal text-based data are discussed, and examples provided of how these were overcome when developing the transcription system

An analysis of first-time enquirers to the CancerBACUP information service: variations with cancer site, demographic status and geographical location

A retrospective comparison of cancer incidence data and, where relevant, population data with 16 955first-time users (patients, relatives and friends) of a national cancer information service (CancerBACUP) during the period April1995 to March 1996 is presented. The number of events observed was compared with the number of events expected, were the nationalrates of cancer incidence and population demographics apply. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) (observed – expectedratios) were used to indicate any differences. Statistically significant differences (P< 0.001) in the observed andexpected sex, age and primary site distribution of patients enquired about were found. Statistically significant differences(P< 0.001) were also identified for the age, employment status, socioeconomic class and geographical location offirst-time enquirers (patients, relatives and friends). Enquiries about brain, testis and breast cancers and non-Hodgkin'slymphoma (NHL) were substantially higher than expected; enquiries about bladder, lung, stomach and colorectal cancers were muchlower than expected. As the service is provided via a freephone number, it is available to all, and users might be expected to berandomly distributed across the variables listed. The underlying reasons for the differences identified need to be investigated,and the role of information in the care of cancer patients should be formally evaluated. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaig

Carbon dynamics of the Weddell Gyre, Southern Ocean

The accumulation of carbon within the Weddell Gyre and its exchanges across the gyre boundaries are investigated with three recent full-depth oceanographic sections enclosing this climatically important region. The combination of carbonmeasurements with ocean circulation transport estimates from a box inverse analysis reveals that deepwater transports associated with Warm Deep Water (WDW) and Weddell Sea Deep Water dominate the gyre’s carbon budget, while a dual-cell vertical overturning circulation leads to both upwelling and the delivery of large quantities of carbon to the deep ocean. Historical sea surface pCO2 observations, interpolated using a neural network technique, confirm the net summertime sink of 0.044 to 0.058 ± 0.010 Pg C / yr derived from the inversion. However, a wintertime outgassing signal similar in size results in a statistically insignificant annual air-to-sea CO2 flux of 0.002± 0.007 Pg C / yr (mean 1998–2011) to 0.012 ± 0.024 Pg C/ yr (mean 2008–2010) to be diagnosed for the Weddell Gyre. A surface layer carbon balance, independently derived fromin situ biogeochemical measurements, reveals that freshwater inputs and biological drawdown decrease surface ocean inorganic carbon levels more than they are increased by WDW entrainment, resulting in an estimated annual carbon sink of 0.033 ± 0.021 Pg C / yr. Although relatively less efficient for carbon uptake than the global oceans, the summertime Weddell Gyre suppresses the winter outgassing signal, while its biological pump and deepwater formation act as key conduits for transporting natural and anthropogenic carbon to the deep ocean where they can reside for long time scales