171 research outputs found
Ranking species in complex ecosystems through nestedness maximization
Identifying the rank of species in a social or ecological network is a
difficult task, since the rank of each species is invariably determined by
complex interactions stipulated with other species. Simply put, the rank of a
species is a function of the ranks of all other species through the adjacency
matrix of the network. A common system of ranking is to order species in such a
way that their neighbours form maximally nested sets, a problem called nested
maximization problem (NMP). Here we show that the NMP can be formulated as an
instance of the Quadratic Assignment Problem, one of the most important
combinatorial optimization problem widely studied in computer science,
economics, and operations research. We tackle the problem by Statistical
Physics techniques: we derive a set of self-consistent nonlinear equations
whose fixed point represents the optimal rankings of species in an arbitrary
bipartite mutualistic network, which generalize the Fitness-Complexity
equations widely used in the field of economic complexity. Furthermore, we
present an efficient algorithm to solve the NMP that outperforms
state-of-the-art network-based metrics and genetic algorithms. Eventually, our
theoretical framework may be easily generalized to study the relationship
between ranking and network structure beyond pairwise interactions, e.g. in
higher-order networks.Comment: 28 pages; 2 figure
Neurobiological underpinnings of reward anticipation and outcome evaluation in gambling disorder
Gambling disorder is characterized by persistent and recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior, which leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. The disorder is associated with dysfunctions in the dopamine system. The dopamine system codes reward anticipation and outcome evaluation. Reward anticipation refers to dopaminergic activation prior to reward, while outcome evaluation refers to dopaminergic activation after reward. This article reviews evidence of dopaminergic dysfunctions in reward anticipation and outcome evaluation in gambling disorder from two vantage points: a model of reward prediction and reward prediction error by Wolfram Schultz et al. and a model of “wanting” and “liking” by Terry E. Robinson and Kent C. Berridge. Both models offer important insights on the study of dopaminergic dysfunctions in addiction, and implications for the study of dopaminergic dysfunctions in gambling disorder are suggested
Economic complexity and the sustainability transition: A review of data, methods, and literature
Economic Complexity (EC) methods have gained increasing popularity across
fields and disciplines. In particular, the EC toolbox has proved particularly
promising in the study of complex and interrelated phenomena, such as the
transition towards a greener economy. Using the EC approach, scholars have been
investigating the relationship between EC and sustainability, proposing to
identify the distinguishing characteristics of green products and to assess the
readiness of productive and technological structures for the sustainability
transition. This article proposes to review and summarize the data, methods,
and empirical literature that are relevant to the study of the sustainability
transition from an EC perspective. We review three distinct but connected
blocks of literature on EC and environmental sustainability. First, we survey
the evidence linking measures of EC to indicators related to environmental
sustainability. Second, we review articles that strive to assess the green
competitiveness of productive systems. Third, we examine evidence on green
technological development and its connection to non-green knowledge bases.
Finally, we summarize the findings for each block and identify avenues for
further research in this recent and growing body of empirical literature.Comment: 57 pages, 1 figur
Inferring comparative advantage via entropy maximization
We revise the procedure proposed by Balassa to infer comparative advantage,
which is a standard tool, in Economics, to analyze specialization (of
countries, regions, etc.). Balassa's approach compares the export of a product
for each country with what would be expected from a benchmark based on the
total volumes of countries and products flows. Based on results in the
literature, we show that the implementation of Balassa's idea generates a bias:
the prescription of the maximum likelihood used to calculate the parameters of
the benchmark model conflicts with the model's definition. Moreover, Balassa's
approach does not implement any statistical validation. Hence, we propose an
alternative procedure to overcome such a limitation, based upon the framework
of entropy maximisation and implementing a proper test of hypothesis: the `key
products' of a country are, now, the ones whose production is significantly
larger than expected, under a null-model constraining the same amount of
information employed by Balassa's approach. What we found is that countries
diversification is always observed, regardless of the strictness of the
validation procedure. Besides, the ranking of countries' fitness is only
partially affected by the details of the validation scheme employed for the
analysis while large differences are found to affect the rankings of products
Complexities. The routine for implementing the entropy-based filtering
procedures employed here is freely available through the official Python
Package Index PyPI
A new and stable estimation method of country economic fitness and product complexity
We present a new metric estimating fitness of countries and complexity of
products by exploiting a non-linear non-homogeneous map applied to the publicly
available information on the goods exported by a country. The non homogeneous
terms guarantee both convergence and stability. After a suitable rescaling of
the relevant quantities, the non homogeneous terms are eventually set to zero
so that this new metric is parameter free. This new map almost reproduces the
results of the original homogeneous metrics already defined in literature and
allows for an approximate analytic solution in case of actual binarized
matrices based on the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) indicator. This
solution is connected with a new quantity describing the neighborhood of nodes
in bipartite graphs, representing in this work the relations between countries
and exported products. Moreover, we define the new indicator of country
net-efficiency quantifying how a country efficiently invests in capabilities
able to generate innovative complex high quality products. Eventually, we
demonstrate analytically the local convergence of the algorithm involved.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figure
Women with type 1 diabetes gain more weight during pregnancy compared to age-matched healthy women despite a healthier diet. a prospective case-control observational study
Purpose: Women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), especially those with suboptimal glucose control, have 3-4 greater chances of having babies with birth defects compared to healthy women. We aimed to evaluate glucose control and insulin regimen modifications during the pregnancy of women with T1D, comparing the offspring's weight and the mother's weight change and diet with those of non-diabetic, normal-weight pregnant women. Methods: Women with T1D and age-matched healthy women controls (CTR) were consecutively enrolled among pregnant women with normal weight visiting our center. All patients underwent physical examination and diabetes and nutritional counseling, and completed lifestyle and food intake questionnaires. Results: A total of 44 women with T1D and 34 healthy controls were enrolled. Women with T1D increased their insulin regimen during pregnancy, going from baseline 0.9 ± 0.3 IU/kg to 1.1 ± 0.4 IU/kg (p = 0.009), with a concomitant significant reduction in HbA1c (p = 0.009). Over 50% of T1D women were on a diet compared to < 20% of healthy women (p < 0.001). Women with T1D reported higher consumption of complex carbohydrates, milk, dairy foods, eggs, fruits, and vegetables, while 20% of healthy women never or rarely consumed them. Despite a better diet, women with T1D gained more weight (p = 0.044) and gave birth to babies with higher mean birth weight (p = 0.043), likely due to the daily increase in insulin regimen. Conclusion: A balance between achieving metabolic control and avoiding weight gain is crucial in the management of pregnant women with T1D, who should be encouraged to further improve lifestyle and eating habits with the aim of limiting upward insulin titration adjustments to a minimum
Production of He-4 and (4) in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV at the LHC
Results on the production of He-4 and (4) nuclei in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S = 2.76 TeV in the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar <1, using the ALICE detector, are presented in this paper. The rapidity densities corresponding to 0-10% central events are found to be dN/dy4(He) = (0.8 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.3 (syst)) x 10(-6) and dN/dy4 = (1.1 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.2 (syst)) x 10(-6), respectively. This is in agreement with the statistical thermal model expectation assuming the same chemical freeze-out temperature (T-chem = 156 MeV) as for light hadrons. The measured ratio of (4)/He-4 is 1.4 +/- 0.8 (stat) +/- 0.5 (syst). (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe
Combinatorial approach to spreading processes on networks
Stochastic spreading models defined on complex network topologies are used to
mimic the diffusion of diseases, information, and opinions in real-world
systems. Existing theoretical approaches to the characterization of the models
in terms of microscopic configurations rely on some approximation of
independence among dynamical variables, thus introducing a systematic bias in
the prediction of the ground-truth dynamics. Here, we develop a combinatorial
framework based on the approximation that spreading may occur only along the
shortest paths connecting pairs of nodes. The approximation overestimates
dynamical correlations among node states and leads to biased predictions.
Systematic bias is, however, pointing in the opposite direction of existing
approximations. We show that the combination of the two biased approaches
generates predictions of the ground-truth dynamics that are more accurate than
the ones given by the two approximations if used in isolation. We further take
advantage of the combinatorial approximation to characterize theoretical
properties of some inference problems, and show that the reconstruction of
microscopic configurations is very sensitive to both the place where and the
time when partial knowledge of the system is acquired.Comment: 13 pages, 12 figures, 1 tabl
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