Flutuação populacional de pragas e predadores em citros

This study was carried out in a 5.000 m2 area at Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, to determine the behavior of the pest and predator insects in citrus. A portable vacuum collector AS-ESALQ modal as used. Weekly, samples were taken at rondom from the top of ten plants, 20 times per plant. Two species - Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell 1896) and Toxoptera citricidus (Kirk 1907) - were the only Coleoptera pests found. They occurred through all the year, having higher frequencies in April and November. The predators from file Coleoptera were: Cycloneda sanguinea (Linné 1763). Nephaspis sp., Scymnus sp, and Stethorus sp. Three species of Neuroptera were found: Chrysopa sp., Megalomus sp., and Hemerobius sp., that have population peaks in January, August and December. One Diptera species was found as of importance: Micrempis sp., which presented four peaks, in the months January, April, August and October.Experimento efetuado numa área de citros, de 5.000 m2, em Piracicaba, SP, para determinar o comportamento dos insetos-pragas e insetos-predadores, em citros. Foi usado um coletor de sucção, portátil, modelo AS-ESALQ. Semanalmente, em 1977, as coletas foram feitas ao acaso, de dez plantas, por sucção do aparelho, em número de 20, ao redor da copa de cada árvore. Duas espécies revelaram-se pragas: Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell 1896) e Toxoptera citricidus (Kirk 1907). Foram as únicas pragas da ordem Homoptera. Ambos ocorreram durante o ano inteiro, apresentando dois picos populacionais: um, em abril, e outro, em novembro. Entre os coleópteros, houve quatro espécies de predadores: Cycloneda sanguinea (Linné 1763), Nephaspis sp, Scymnus sp., e Stethorus sp.; e entre os neurópteros, as três espécies: Chrysopa sp., Megalomus sp. e Hemerobius sp., que apresentaram picos populacionais em janeiro, agosto e dezembro. Entre os dípteros, foi observada apenas uma espécie de notável importância, e que apresentou quatro picos - a saber, em janeiro, abril, agosto e outubro -: É a Micrempis sp

De promessa a realidade: como o etanol celulósico pode revolucionar a indústria da cana-de-açúcar: uma avaliação do potencial competitivo e sugestões de política pública

Bibliografia: p. 286-289Anexos: p. 289-294Após um longo período de desenvolvimento tecnológico em nível mundial, o etanol celulósico ou de segunda geração (E2G) atingiu o estágio de plantas comerciais. O Brasil, por conta dos projetos fomentados pelo Plano Conjunto BNDES-Finep de Apoio à Inovação Tecnológica Industrial dos Setores Sucroenergético e Sucroquímico (PAISS), tem atualmente uma capacidade instalada de produção de E2G de cerca de 140 milhões de litros por ano. Contudo, tal volume ainda pode ser considerado pequeno quando comparado à demanda interna de combustíveis, hoje suprida com volumes relevantes de gasolina importada. Assim, com o objetivo de fomentar a implementação de mecanismos de política pública que acelerem os investimentos em novas plantas de E2G, este artigo apresenta, baseado em premissas discutidas com diversas empresas e especialistas, estimativas sobre o potencial de melhoria de eficiência e redução de custos de produção do E2G em diferentes cenários tecnológicos. Se bem-sucedidas, tais políticas ajudariam a alterar o atual paradigma tecnoeconômico da indústria da cana-de-açúcar, resgatando sua competitividade

Passiflora cincinnata

Passiflora cincinnata Masters is a Brazilian native species of passionflower. This genus is known in the American continent folk medicine for its diuretic and analgesic properties. Nevertheless, few studies investigated possible biological effects of P. cincinnata extracts. Further, evidence of antioxidant actions encourages the investigation of possible neuroprotective effects in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. This study investigates the effect of the P. cincinnata ethanolic extract (PAS) on mice submitted to a progressive model of Parkinson’s disease (PD) induced by reserpine. Male (6-month-old) mice received reserpine (0.1 mg/kg, s.c.), every other day, for 40 days, with or without a concomitant treatment with daily injections of PAS (25 mg/kg, i.p.). Catalepsy, open field, oral movements, and plus-maze discriminative avoidance evaluations were performed across treatment, and immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase was conducted at the end. The results showed that PAS treatment delayed the onset of motor impairments and prevented the occurrence of increased catalepsy behavior in the premotor phase. However, PAS administration did not modify reserpine-induced cognitive impairments. Moreover, PAS prevented the decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) induced by reserpine. Taken together, our results suggested that PAS exerted a neuroprotective effect in a progressive model of PD

O CUIDADOR FAMILIAR FRENTE A CRIANÇA COM DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 1: AÇÕES EDUCATIVAS.

The study aims to identify the benefits and contributions that health education provides to home caregivers of children with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. This is an integrative literature review, carried out between June and August 2021, through the respective virtual platforms that provide selected collections of scientific journals, these were LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE and BDENF, crossing with the Boolean operator AND, 53 studies were found, which after the eligibility process, remained 8 researches. Health education for caregivers of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus is of fundamental importance, with the aim of providing safe, humanized and effective care, with educational actions mainly aimed at adherence to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment and targeted actions to social and emotional aspects. It is concluded that it was possible to show through this study the need that caregivers have for continued health promotion at home.El estudio tiene como objetivo identificar los beneficios y aportes que la educación en salud brinda a los cuidadores domiciliarios de niños con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1. Se trata de una revisión integradora de la literatura, realizada entre junio y agosto de 2021, a través de las respectivas plataformas virtuales que brindan colecciones seleccionadas de información científica. revistas, estas fueron LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE y BDENF, cruzando con el operador booleano Y, se encontraron 53 estudios, que luego del proceso de elegibilidad quedaron 8 investigaciones. La educación para la salud de los cuidadores de niños con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 es de fundamental importancia, con el objetivo de brindar una atención segura, humanizada y eficaz, con acciones educativas orientadas principalmente a la adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico y no farmacológico y acciones focalizadas en los aspectos sociales y emocionales. . Se concluye que a través de este estudio se pudo evidenciar la necesidad que tienen los cuidadores de una promoción continua de la salud en el hogar.O estudo tem o objetivo de identificar os benefícios e contribuições que a educação em saúde proporciona a cuidadores domiciliares de crianças com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1. Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura do tipo integrativa, realizado entre os meses de junho a agosto de 2021, através das respectivas plataformas virtuais que disponibilizam coleções selecionadas de periódicos científicos, foram estas LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE e BDENF, cruzando com o operador booleano AND, foram encontrados 53 estudos, que após o processo de elegibilidade, restaram 8 pesquisas. A educação em saúde a cuidadores de crianças com diabetes mellitus tipo 1, é de fundamental importância, com o intuído de fornecer uma assistência segura, humanizada e efetiva, sendo as ações educativas voltadas principalmente para a adesão ao tratamento farmacológico e não farmacológico e ações direcionadas aos aspectos sociais e emocionais. Conclui-se que foi possível evidenciar através desse estudo a necessidade que os cuidadores possuem de uma promoção de saúde continua no domicilio.O estudo tem o objetivo de identificar os benefícios e contribuições que a educação em saúde proporciona a cuidadores domiciliares de crianças com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1. Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura do tipo integrativa, realizado entre os meses de junho a agosto de 2021, através das respectivas plataformas virtuais que disponibilizam coleções selecionadas de periódicos científicos, foram estas LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE e BDENF, cruzando com o operador booleano AND, foram encontrados 53 estudos, que após o processo de elegibilidade, restaram 8 pesquisas. A educação em saúde a cuidadores de crianças com diabetes mellitus tipo 1, é de fundamental importância, com o intuído de fornecer uma assistência segura, humanizada e efetiva, sendo as ações educativas voltadas principalmente para a adesão ao tratamento farmacológico e não farmacológico e ações direcionadas aos aspectos sociais e emocionais. Conclui-se que foi possível evidenciar através desse estudo a necessidade que os cuidadores possuem de uma promoção de saúde continua no domicilio

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Towards comparable carbon credits: Harmonization of lca models of cellulosic biofuels

Decarbonization programs are being proposed worldwide to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation fuels, using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) models or tools. Although such models are broadly accepted, varying results are often observed. This study describes similarities and differences of key decarbonization programs and their GHG calculators and compares established LCA models for assessing 2G ethanol from lignocellulosic feedstock. The selected LCA models were GHGenius, GREET, JRC’s model, and VSB, which originated calculators for British Columbia’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard, California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard, Renewable Energy Directive, and RenovaBio, respectively. We performed a harmonization of the selected models by inserting data of one model into other ones to illustrate the possibility of obtaining similar results after a few harmonization steps and to determine which parameters have higher contribution to closing the gap between default results. Differences among 2G ethanol from wheat straw were limited to 0.1 gCO2eq. MJ−1, and discrepancies in emissions decreased by 95% and 78% for corn stover and forest residues, respectively. Better understanding of structure, calculation procedures, parameters, and methodological assumptions among the LCA models is a first step towards an improved harmonization that will allow a globally accepted and exchangeable carbon credit system to be created

Towards Comparable Carbon Credits: Harmonization of LCA Models of Cellulosic Biofuels

Decarbonization programs are being proposed worldwide to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation fuels, using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) models or tools. Although such models are broadly accepted, varying results are often observed. This study describes similarities and differences of key decarbonization programs and their GHG calculators and compares established LCA models for assessing 2G ethanol from lignocellulosic feedstock. The selected LCA models were GHGenius, GREET, JRC’s model, and VSB, which originated calculators for British Columbia’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard, California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard, Renewable Energy Directive, and RenovaBio, respectively. We performed a harmonization of the selected models by inserting data of one model into other ones to illustrate the possibility of obtaining similar results after a few harmonization steps and to determine which parameters have higher contribution to closing the gap between default results. Differences among 2G ethanol from wheat straw were limited to 0.1 gCO2eq. MJ−1, and discrepancies in emissions decreased by 95% and 78% for corn stover and forest residues, respectively. Better understanding of structure, calculation procedures, parameters, and methodological assumptions among the LCA models is a first step towards an improved harmonization that will allow a globally accepted and exchangeable carbon credit system to be created

Low carbon biofuels and the New Brazilian National Biofuel Policy (RenovaBio): a case study for sugarcane mills and integrated sugarcane-microalgae biorefineries

The newest endeavor by the Brazilian State for fostering bioenergy - the National Biofuel Policy, or simply RenovaBio - aims at establishing a mechanism for the commercialization of decarbonization credits linked to the carbon intensity of several biofuels. Under this horizon, this study evaluates the prospects for large-scale, integrated sugarcane-microalgae biorefineries in terms of their techno-economic and environmental feasibility, as well as the possible benefits brought by the RenovaBio program. Process integration was based on different energy and material vectors obtained from the sugarcane mill, especially the use of fermentation-derived CO2, CO2 in biogas, and vinasse as carbon sources for microalgae growth. Results show that the co-location of microalgae production with sugarcane mills leads to verticalized biorefineries currently behind in economic performance in comparison to conventional sugarcane mills due to an increase in both fixed and operational expenses. Anhydrous ethanol production costs remain in the range of US$0.36-0.42/L, below the market price of US$ 0.51/L. Integrating a microalgae facility with a sugarcane mill also helps to further improve the sustainability of anhydrous ethanol production: cradle-to-grave emissions of greenhouse gases fluctuate around 18 g CO(2)eq/MJ, a reduction of 15% in comparison to conventional sugarcane-based ethanol. Depending on the scenario, a reasonably-sized integrated biorefinery would be able to mitigate around 500 thousand t CO(2)eq/year when displacing gasoline with anhydrous ethanol. The analysis finally points out to integrated sugarcane-microalgae biorefineries becoming economically feasible at carbon prices as low as US$ 10/t CO(2)eq under the RenovaBio scheme115sem informaçãosem informaçã

Feasibility assessment of converting sugar mills to bioenergy production in Africa

World sugar production has consistently overrun demand in the past five years. Moreover, in 2017 the European Sugar Regime will expire, ending the quota system and preferential sugar prices, largely affecting small producers, particularly in Africa. Diversification emerges as an option for sugar-oriented mills. Two evident alternatives are ethanol and electricity production that allow better use of molasses and cane fibers, respectively. Molasses is the cheapest feedstock for ethanol production, while the cane fibersin the form of bagasseare readily available at the mill. The transition from sugar to sugar, ethanol and electricity may require substantial investment capital, yet our results show that significant progress can start at relatively small cost. In this work, we use simulations to explore the impact of ethanol and electricity production in an existing sugar mill in Mozambique. In spite of the large amounts of energy obtained from ambitious scenarios, such as Ethanol-2 and Ethanol/EE, molasses-based ethanol (Ethanol-1 scenario) seems more attractive in economical and infrastructural terms. High opportunity costs for molasses, low oil prices and enabling institutional conditions, such as mandatory blending mandates, to promote bioenergy remain a challenge.6

Essential Oil of Cymbopogon citratus on the Control of the Curvularia Leaf Spot Disease on Maize

The Curvularia Leaf Spot is becoming more common due to the culture expansion and the low resistance of the cultivated genotypes in tropical regions. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the fungitoxicity of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus upon the phytopathogen Curvularia lunata, causative agent of the Curvularia Leaf Spot. There was realized pathogenicity tests of C. lunata in maize plants, phytotoxicity of the essential oil of C. citratus and gas chromatography attached, germination tests of the conidia, and of in vitro inhibition of C. lunata. Also, there were realized tests aiming at verifying the phytopathogen control in vivo. In the pathogenicity tests, there were verified symptoms of the disease in all of the suspensions tested on plants. It was observed that the essential oil concentrations of 7.5 µL mL−1 to 50 µL mL−1 were phytotoxic. The majoritarian chemical components of the essential oil of C. citratus were Geranial (41.46%) and Neral (32.43%). The concentrations of 5 and 7.5 µL mL−1 inhibited 100% of conidia germination. None of the concentrations evaluated effectively inhibited C. lunata mycelial growth in in vitro tests. In the preventive control, the concentration of 7.5 µL mL−1 was sufficient for the reduction of the progress of the disease, however the curative control was not efficient on the tested dosages