Hacia nuevos dispositivos de investigación y educación en Francia: el ejemplo de la Universidad de Toulouse

La comprensió de l'estat actual de la investigació en arts, lletres, filosofia o llengües es basa en:- un fet: els investigadors, els seus col·lectius i les institucions de recerca, ja siguin públiques o privades, sempre estan finançades per la societat en què estan immerses.- una hipòtesi: aquest finançament comporta una contrapartida, ja que els resultats de la recerca han de ser útils per a la societat i utilitzables per ella.- una constatació: a les esmentades disciplines, les relacions de producció que regeixen les institucions de recerca, determinen les forces productives (professors i investigadors) i conformen les produccions (els programes de recerca i els discursos científics), no semblen satisfer les exigències de aquesta contrapartida.The understanding of the current state of research in arts, humanities, philosophy or languages is based on:- a fact: researchers, their groups and research institutions, whether public or private, are always financed by the society in which they are immersed.- a hypothesis: this financing entails a counterpart, since the results of the research must be useful for society and usable by it.- a finding: in the aforementioned disciplines, the production relations that govern the research institutions, determine the productive forces (professors and researchers) and make up the productions (research programs and scientific discourses), do not seem to satisfy the demands of that counterpart.La comprensión del estado actual de la investigación en artes, letras, filosofía o lenguas se basa en: - un hecho: los investigadores, sus colectivos y las instituciones de investigación, ya sean públicas o privadas, siempre están financiadas por la sociedad en la que están inmersas.- una hipótesis: esa financiación conlleva una contrapartida, pues los resultados de la investigación deben ser útiles para la sociedad y utilizables por ella.- una constatación: en las mencionadas disciplinas, las relaciones de producción que rigen las instituciones de investigación, determinan las fuerzas productivas (profesores e investigadores) y conforman las producciones (los programas de investigación y los discursos científicos), no parecen satisfacer las exigencias de esa contrapartida

Le théâtre quantique : ordre et désordre dans l’Espagne postmoderne

Cet article expose les premières pistes d’une réflexion sur la dramaturgie espagnole récente à partir de la notion de « quantique ». L’hypothèse de départ est la suivante : la physique quantique aurait joué un rôle fondamental dans le « désordre » de la postmodernité et aurait servi de terreau fertile à l’élaboration des grandes théories (philosophiques, historiques, sociologiques, esthétiques et dramaturgiques) du siècle dernier et du XXIe siècle. La physique quantique, en remettant en cause les principes de la physique classique, l’électromagnétisme de James Clerk Maxwell et la mécanique newtonienne principalement, oppose le discontinu au continu, le hasard à la causalité, l’interdépendance des atomes à la séparabilité et à l’objectivité. Dans le domaine des arts, l’association des oeuvres à l’esthétique quantique semble un phénomène surtout espagnol. Non seulement l’adjectif « quantique » réapparaît comme épithète pour désigner des formes artistiques diverses, mais le quantique, comme esthétique et comme éthique, devient le fer de lance d’une association internationale créée à Grenade en 1994 et connue sous le nom de Salon des Indépendants. Un des cofondateurs, Gregorio Morales, journaliste et écrivain, a publié en 1998 un essai intitulé Le cadavre de Balzac : une vision quantique de la littérature et de l’art, qui synthétise les débats qui ont eu lieu à Valence, au cours des différentes rencontres entre les membres fondateurs. Y sont réunis des articles théoriques qui étudient les différentes applications du quantique au cinéma, à la poésie, au roman, à partir d’exemples tirés des oeuvres d’Henry James, d’Antonio Enrique et de Rubén Darío. Les auteurs de cet article analysent les formes dramaturgiques contemporaines à partir de certains concepts propres à la physique quantique et particulièrement adaptés à l’étude de l’évolution du théâtre (sans pour autant, bien sûr, qu’ils soient exclusifs à l’étude du genre dramatique) : le vide quantique rempli d’énergie potentielle, la modification de l’objet observé par l’observateur, la mise en scène de l’espace-temps quantique. Le corpus de pièces quantiques sera principalement composé d’oeuvres tirées de la collection « Nouvelles scènes hispaniques », élément clef du chaînage toulousain autour du théâtre espagnol contemporain.This paper explores the first step of a research about Spanish contemporary theatre from the concept of quantum theory. The starting point of view is the following: quantum theory in physics shoud have played a very important place in postmodernity and should have influenced most of the major theories of the last century. In the field of Arts, the mark of quantum aesthetics seems to be Spanish, as expressed in the creation of a quantum society in Grenade in 1994, led by Gregorio Morales, author of a book named The Balzac's corpse: a quantum vision of literature and art. The authors of this article studies several contemporary plays using three concepts of quantum physics that are particularly helpful to analyse the evolution of theater: the quantum hole full of energy, the modification of the object seen by the observer, the staging of the quantum space and time. The choice of plays is from the collection of Spanish theater "Nouvelles scènes hispaniques", published by the University of Toulouse

Introducción

There are miraculous encounters. Under the good auspices of Cartagena de Indias, collaboration began between the Francisco José de Caldas District University (Colombia) and the Jean-Jaurès University of Toulouse (France). In the framework of a meeting organized by the Colombian Association of Universities (ASCUN) entitled "A contribution to public policy on Doctoral training in Colombia", the University of Toulouse was invited to present the organization of the doctoral diploma in March 2015 in France, following a project newly coined in Toulouse as the School of Doctors. This school that brings together 4,500 doctoral students and 7,000 researchers could be an example to enhance the dynamics of research and innovation through doctoral studentsHay encuentros milagrosos. Bajo los buenos auspicios de Cartagena de Indias empezó la colaboración entre la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas (Colombia) y la Universidad de Toulouse Jean-Jaurès (Francia). En el marco de un encuentro organizado por la Asociación Colombiana de Universidades (ASCUN) titulada “Un aporte a la política pública sobre la formación Doctoral en Colombia”, la Universidad de Toulouse fue invitada a presentar en marzo del 2015 la organización del diploma de doctorado en Francia, a raíz de un proyecto nuevamente acuñado en Toulouse como Escuela de Doctores. Esta escuela que reúne a 4.500 doctorandos y 7.000 investigadores podía ser un ejemplo para potenciar la dinámica de la investigación e innovación a través de los doctorandosExistem encontros milagrosos. Sob os bons auspícios de Cartagena das Índias, a colaboração começou entre a Universidade do Distrito Francisco José de Caldas (Colômbia) e a Universidade Jean-Jaurès de Toulouse (França). No âmbito de uma reunião organizada pela Associação Colombiana de Universidades (ASCUN) intitulada "Uma contribuição para as políticas públicas de formação de doutorado na Colômbia", a Universidade de Toulouse foi convidada a apresentar a organização do diploma de doutorado em março de 2015 na França, na sequência de um projeto recentemente cunhado em Toulouse como a Escola de Médicos. Esta escola que reúne 4.500 doutorandos e 7.000 pesquisadores pode ser um exemplo para aprimorar a dinâmica da pesquisa e inovação por meio de doutorando

Cuestiones epistemológicas y estudios de caso

En un país -Francia- donde el campo del teatro está estructurado culturalmente durante décadas, el Teatro Aplicado es una noción que a menudo aparece como ancillar, frente a un arte institucionali-zado, incluso mirificado. Por un lado, estaría el Teatro, puro, noble, auténtico y por otro, estarían sus avatares: el teatro de empresa, el teatro para el desarrollo personal, el teatro para patologías, etc. Si tienen la misma fuente, su consanguinidad no deja de asustar. ¿cómo pueden unos artistas que crean alejados de cualquier coacción exterior pertenecer a la misma familia del teatro que unos actores o directores que "obedecen" a un encargo, en un contexto específico, con un público muchas veces participantes de talleres ... y que son por tanto prisioneros, en cierto modo, de un arte instru-mental izado? A este problema ético, este libro intenta responder, a través de ejemplos concretos, para una mayor comprensión inrerculrural Francia/ Colombia.In a country -France- where the field of theater has been culturally structured for decades, Applied Theater is a notion that often appears as an ancillary, in the face of an institutionalized, even mirified, art. On the one hand, there would be the Theater, pure, noble, authentic and on the other, there would be its ups and downs: company theater, theater for personal development, theater for pathologies, etc. If they have the same source, their consanguinity does not stop frightening. How can some artists who create far from any external coercion belong to the same theater family as some actors or directors who "obey" a commission, in a specific context, with an audience that is often workshop participants... are they therefore prisoners, in a certain way, of an instrumented art? To this ethical problem, this book tries to respond, through concrete examples, for a greater intercultural understanding France/ Colombia.Bogot

The ciliogenic transcription factor Rfx3 is required for the formation of the thalamocortical tract by regulating patterning of prethalamus and ventral telencephalon

Primary cilia are complex subcellular structures that play key roles during embryogenesis by controlling the cellular response to several signaling pathways. Defects in the function and/or structure of primary cilia underlie a large number of human syndromes collectively referred to as ciliopathies. Often, ciliopathies are associated with mental retardation (MR) and malformation of the corpus callosum. However, the possibility of defects in other forebrain axon tracts, which could contribute to the cognitive disorders of these patients, has not been explored. Here, we investigate the formation of the corticothalamic/thalamocortical tracts in mice mutant for Rfx3, which regulates the expression of many genes involved in ciliogenesis and cilia function. Using DiI axon tracing and immunohistochemistry experiments, we show that some Rfx3-/- corticothalamic axons abnormally migrate toward the pial surface of the ventral telencephalon (VT). Some thalamocortical axons (TCAs) also fail to leave the diencephalon or abnormally project toward the amygdala. Moreover, the Rfx3-/- VT displays heterotopias containing attractive guidance cues and expressing the guidance molecules Slit1 and Netrin1. Finally, the abnormal projection of TCAs toward the amygdala is also present in mice carrying a mutation in the Inpp5e gene, which is mutated in Joubert Syndrome and which controls cilia signaling and stability. The presence of identical thalamocortical malformations in two independent ciliary mutants indicates a novel role for primary cilia in the formation of the corticothalamic/thalamocortical tracts by establishing the correct cellular environment necessary for its development

Common variants at ABCA7, MS4A6A/MS4A4E, EPHA1, CD33 and CD2AP are associated with Alzheimer's disease

We sought to identify new susceptibility loci for Alzheimer's disease through a staged association study (GERAD+) and by testing suggestive loci reported by the Alzheimer's Disease Genetic Consortium (ADGC) in a companion paper. We undertook a combined analysis of four genome-wide association datasets (stage 1) and identified ten newly associated variants with P ≤ 1 × 10−5. We tested these variants for association in an independent sample (stage 2). Three SNPs at two loci replicated and showed evidence for association in a further sample (stage 3). Meta-analyses of all data provided compelling evidence that ABCA7 (rs3764650, meta P = 4.5 × 10−17; including ADGC data, meta P = 5.0 × 10−21) and the MS4A gene cluster (rs610932, meta P = 1.8 × 10−14; including ADGC data, meta P = 1.2 × 10−16) are new Alzheimer's disease susceptibility loci. We also found independent evidence for association for three loci reported by the ADGC, which, when combined, showed genome-wide significance: CD2AP (GERAD+, P = 8.0 × 10−4; including ADGC data, meta P = 8.6 × 10−9), CD33 (GERAD+, P = 2.2 × 10−4; including ADGC data, meta P = 1.6 × 10−9) and EPHA1 (GERAD+, P = 3.4 × 10−4; including ADGC data, meta P = 6.0 × 10−10)

Trans-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of prostate cancer identifies new susceptibility loci and informs genetic risk prediction.

Prostate cancer is a highly heritable disease with large disparities in incidence rates across ancestry populations. We conducted a multiancestry meta-analysis of prostate cancer genome-wide association studies (107,247 cases and 127,006 controls) and identified 86 new genetic risk variants independently associated with prostate cancer risk, bringing the total to 269 known risk variants. The top genetic risk score (GRS) decile was associated with odds ratios that ranged from 5.06 (95% confidence interval (CI), 4.84-5.29) for men of European ancestry to 3.74 (95% CI, 3.36-4.17) for men of African ancestry. Men of African ancestry were estimated to have a mean GRS that was 2.18-times higher (95% CI, 2.14-2.22), and men of East Asian ancestry 0.73-times lower (95% CI, 0.71-0.76), than men of European ancestry. These findings support the role of germline variation contributing to population differences in prostate cancer risk, with the GRS offering an approach for personalized risk prediction

Germline variation at 8q24 and prostate cancer risk in men of European ancestry

Chromosome 8q24 is a susceptibility locus for multiple cancers, including prostate cancer. Here we combine genetic data across the 8q24 susceptibility region from 71,535 prostate cancer cases and 52,935 controls of European ancestry to define the overall contribution of germline variation at 8q24 to prostate cancer risk. We identify 12 independent risk signals for prostate cancer (p < 4.28 × 10−15), including three risk variants that have yet to be reported. From a polygenic risk score (PRS) model, derived to assess the cumulative effect of risk variants at 8q24, men in the top 1% of the PRS have a 4-fold (95%CI = 3.62–4.40) greater risk compared to the population average. These 12 variants account for ~25% of what can be currently explained of the familial risk of prostate cancer by known genetic risk factors. These findings highlight the overwhelming contribution of germline variation at 8q24 on prostate cancer risk which has implications for population risk stratification

Evaluating the Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutation D614G on Transmissibility and Pathogenicity.

Global dispersal and increasing frequency of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variant D614G are suggestive of a selective advantage but may also be due to a random founder effect. We investigate the hypothesis for positive selection of spike D614G in the United Kingdom using more than 25,000 whole genome SARS-CoV-2 sequences. Despite the availability of a large dataset, well represented by both spike 614 variants, not all approaches showed a conclusive signal of positive selection. Population genetic analysis indicates that 614G increases in frequency relative to 614D in a manner consistent with a selective advantage. We do not find any indication that patients infected with the spike 614G variant have higher COVID-19 mortality or clinical severity, but 614G is associated with higher viral load and younger age of patients. Significant differences in growth and size of 614G phylogenetic clusters indicate a need for continued study of this variant