Caracterización, riesgos ocupacionales y percepción de salud de vendedores informales de lotería y chance

Objetivo: analizar las características sociodemográficas, percepción de la salud y riesgos ocupacionales de la población de vendedores informales de lotería y chance de Villavicencio y Yopal. Materiales y Métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo. La muestra no aleatoria estuvo integrada por 249 vendedores informales. Las variables estudiadas fueron: características  sociodemográficas y económicas,  afiliación al  sistema general de salud, nivel de ingreso, responsabilidad en el hogar, propiedad de la vivienda, factores de riesgo ocupacionales y condiciones laborales. Como  instrumento de recolección de información se utilizó la Encuesta del Ministerio de Salud para Trabajadores Informales. Resultados: la mayoría de vendedores de lotería y chance son mayores de 40 años, mujeres, casados o en unión libre. Se observó una baja afiliación a pensiones y riesgos laborales, y con ingresos inferiores a un salario mínimo legal mensual vigente en un 80%. Las condiciones de trabajo, sobre todo las ambientales y de seguridad, son  precarias; aun así, la auto percepción de salud como mala o regular no supera el 50%. Conclusión: población muy vulnerable en cuanto a sus ingresos y condiciones futuras de ingreso para protección en la vejez. PALABRAS CLAVE: condiciones de trabajo, salud laboral, riegos laborales.Characterization, occupational risks and perception of health of informal lottery vendorsABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the socio-demographic characteristics, health perception and occupational risks of the population of street lottery retailers in Villavicencio and Yopal. Materials and Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional, and prospective study. The non-aleatory sample was made by 249 informal vendors. The variables studied were: socio-demographic and economic characteristics, affiliation to the general health system, level of income, home responsibility, homeownership, occupational risk factors and work conditions. As an instrument of data collection the Department of Health for Informal Workers Survey was used. Results: most of the lottery retailers are older than 40, women, married or cohabiting. A low affiliation to pension and occupational risks was observed, and with incomes lower than a monthly minimum wage valid in an 80%. The work conditions, most importantly the environment and security conditions, are precarious; nonetheless, the self-perception of health as bad or regular does not reach 50%. Conclusion: very vulnerable population regarding income and future conditions of income for old age protection.KEYWORDS: working conditions, occupational health, occupational risks.Caracterização, riscos ocupacionais e percepção de saúde de vendedores informais de loteria                                                                                RESUMOObjetivo: analisar as características sócio-demográficas, percepção da saúde e riscos ocupacionais da população de vendedores ambulantes de loteria nas cidades de Villavicencio e Yopal na Colômbia. Materiais e Métodos: estudo descritivo, transversal e prospectivo. A amostragem não aleatória esteve integrada por 249 vendedores informais. As variáveis estudadas foram: características sócio-demográficas e económicas, afiliação à rede de saúde, nível de ingresso, responsabilidade no lar, casa própria ou não, fatores de risco ocupacionais e condições de trabalho. Como instrumento de recolecção de informação se utilizou a Pesquisa de Opinião do Ministério de Saúde para Trabalhadores Informais. Resultados: a maioria de vendedores de loteria são maiores de 40 anos, mulheres, casadas ou em união libre. Observou-se uma baixa afiliação a Fundo Social de Pensão e Riscos de Trabalho, e com ingressos inferiores a um salário mínimo legal mensal vigente num 80%. As condições de trabalho, sobre todo as ambientais e de seguridade, são precárias; ainda assim, a auto percepção de saúde como má ou regular não supera o 50%. Conclusão: população muito vulnerável em quanto a seus ingressos e condições futuras de ingresso para proteção na velhice. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: condições de trabalho, saúde do trabalhador, riscos ocupacionais.

Percepción ciudadana sobre el patrimonio cultural gastronómico en la gestión turística en Jipijapa

This article addresses two sectors whose expansion and growth are marked by their contributions to the socioeconomic and cultural development of the towns: gastronomic cultural heritage and tourism management. The objective is to assess the citizen perception of the gastronomic cultural heritage in the tourist management of the canton of Jipijapa, delving into the economic, social, environmental and cultural analysis. The results showed that the gastronomic cultural heritage in tourism management is remarkable, in the planning, organization, coordination and control of tourism, that tourism management can be improved with the inclusion of the gastronomic cultural heritage, traditions or customs, processes and traditional artisan food preparation techniques and their presence in festive activities as an added value generates new economic income, employment, life change and social well-being, as well as helps to strengthen the gastronomic cultural heritage and tourism management, with the presence of tourist attractions. Keywords: gastronomy, tourism, tourism management, cultural heritage, food, gastronomic heritage.El presente artículo aborda dos sectores que su expansión y crecimiento marcado por sus aportes al desarrollo socioeconómico y cultural de los pueblos: patrimonio cultural gastronómico y gestión turística. El objetivo es valorar la percepción ciudadana sobre el patrimonio cultural gastronómico en la gestión turística del cantón de Jipijapa profundizando en el análisis económico, social, ambiental y cultural. Los resultados evidenciaron que, el patrimonio cultural gastronómico en la gestión turística, es notable, en la planificación, organización, coordinación y control del turismo, que la gestión turística puede ser mejorada con la inclusión del patrimonio cultural gastronómico, las tradiciones o costumbres, procesos y técnicas de elaboración de alimentos tradicionales artesanales y su presencia en actividades festivas como valor agregado genera nuevos ingresos económicos, empleo, cambio de vida y bienestar social, así como ayuda al fortalecimiento del patrimonio cultural gastronómico y a la gestión turística, con presencia de atractivos turísticos. &nbsp

Propuesta de diseño de ruta ciclística para desarrollar actividades turísticas en una zona de Ecuador

The objective of this research is to propose the design of a cycling route for the development of tourist activities in an area of Ecuador specifically within the La Estacada and Villao precincts of the Pedro Carbo canton, Guayas. This through a hermeneutic and descriptive method, with statistical calculation applying a survey to the selected sample. Cycling is a tourist practice where you can enjoy the landscape and an experience that allows contact with the environment that makes it a motivation for tourists. Cycling tourism has become an interest for a large number of people and institutions that are promoting the use of bicycles as a sustainable means of transport, it is concluded that the population of the La Estacada and Villao enclosures shows that they dedicate themselves to their majority to agriculture assuming that tourism is foreign to their economy, but those surveyed understand the help that tourism offers to the development of their territory, which is why they agree to be part of the cycling route and thus add greater demand for circulation in their territories. Therefore, it is of great importance to consider that proposing a design of a cycling route within the La Estacada and Villao precincts of the Pedro Carbo canton, would improve the tourist development of the area, as well as the generation of new jobs and improvement of the economy in this sector. Keywords: route, cycling, tourism, development.El objetivo de esta investigación es proponer el diseño una ruta ciclística para el desarrollo de actividades turísticas en una zona de Ecuador específicamente dentro de los recintos La Estacada y Villao del cantón Pedro Carbo, Guayas. Esto a través de un método hermenéutico y descriptivo, con cálculo estadístico aplicando una encuesta a la muestra seleccionada. El cicloturismo es una práctica turística donde se puede disfrutar del paisaje y de una experiencia que permite contactar con el ambiente que lo convierte en una motivación para los turistas. El cicloturismo, se ha convertido es un interés para una gran cantidad de personas e instituciones que están promoviendo el uso de la bicicleta como medio de transporte sustentable, se concluye que, la población de los recintos La Estacada y Villao muestra que se dedican en su mayoría a la agricultura dando por sentado que la actividad turística es ajena dentro de su economía, pero los encuestados comprenden la ayuda que el turismo ofrece al desarrollo de su territorio por lo que afirman estar de acuerdo en formar parte de la ruta ciclística y así sumar mayor demanda de circulación en sus territorios. Por lo tanto, es de gran importancia considerar que proponer un diseño de una ruta ciclística dentro de los recintos La estacada y Villao del cantón Pedro Carbo, permitiría mejorar el desarrollo turístico de la zona, así como la generación de nuevos empleos y mejora de la economía en este sector. Palabras claves: ruta, ciclismo, turismo, desarrollo. ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to propose the design of a cycling route for the development of tourist activities in an area of Ecuador specifically within the La Estacada and Villao precincts of the Pedro Carbo canton, Guayas. This through a hermeneutic and descriptive method, with statistical calculation applying a survey to the selected sample. Cycling is a tourist practice where you can enjoy the landscape and an experience that allows contact with the environment that makes it a motivation for tourists. Cycling tourism has become an interest for a large number of people and institutions that are promoting the use of bicycles as a sustainable means of transport, it is concluded that the population of the La Estacada and Villao enclosures shows that they dedicate themselves to their majority to agriculture assuming that tourism is foreign to their economy, but those surveyed understand the help that tourism offers to the development of their territory, which is why they agree to be part of the cycling route and thus add greater demand for circulation in their territories. Therefore, it is of great importance to consider that proposing a design of a cycling route within the La Estacada and Villao precincts of the Pedro Carbo canton, would improve the tourist development of the area, as well as the generation of new jobs and improvement of the economy in this sector. Keywords: route, cycling, tourism, development. Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 06 de abril de 2023.Fecha de aceptación: 13 de junio de 2023.Fecha de publicación: 10 de julio de 2023

Evaluation of social support in the elderly

Introducción: el proceso de rápido envejecimiento de la población plantea nuevos desafíos para el sistema de salud.Objetivo: evaluar el apoyo social a los adultos mayores pertenecientes al consultorio médico de familia 58 del Policlínico Docente Universitario Luis Augusto Turcios Lima, de Pinar del Río.Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, transversal, en adultos mayores pertenecientes al consultorio médico de familia 58, del área de salud antes mencionada entre 2018 y 2019.  Fueron estudiado 154 individuos, mediante un muestreo probabilístico, aleatorio simple, cumpliéndose para ello con los criterios de selección. La revisión documental y aplicación del test de apoyo social, permitieron la obtención de datos que dieron salida a las variables analizadas, recurriéndose a la estadística descriptiva. Se respetó la ética médica.Resultados: 24,7% de los adultos mayores pertenecieron al grupo etario de 75-79 años, predominando el sexo femenino (57,8 %), y aquellos individuos con primaria sin terminar (47,4 %), acorde a la escolaridad. El 56,0 % de las familias eran extensas incompletas, el 61,7 % medianas, presentándose en el 59,1 % de las familias un apoyo social algo frecuente. El 74 % de las crisis paranormativas presentes en la familia de los adultos mayores fueron por desorganización, siendo los recursos sociales medianamente deteriorados en el 55,8 % de los adultos mayores.Conclusiones: se tuvieron niveles de apoyo social algo frecuentes en la población estudiada, caracterizándose a la familia como célula fundamental de la sociedad, precisándose la importancia del apoyo social en el anciano, y en la propia familia.Introduction: the process of rapid population aging poses new challenges for the health care system. Objective: to evaluate the social support to older adults belonging to the family medical office 58 of the Policlínico Docente Universitario Luis Augusto Turcios Lima, Pinar del Río. Methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study was conducted in older adults belonging to the family medical office 58, of the aforementioned health area between 2018 and 2019.  A total of 154 individuals were studied by means of probabilistic, simple random sampling, complying with the selection criteria. The documentary review and application of the social support test, allowed obtaining data that gave an output to the variables analyzed, resorting to descriptive statistics. Medical ethics were respected.Results: 24,7 % of the older adults belonged to the 75-79 years age group, predominantly female (57,8 %), and those individuals with unfinished primary schooling (47,4 %), according to schooling. 56,0 % of the families were in the 75-79 years age group. 56,0 % of the families were incomplete extended families, 61,7 % were medium-sized, and 59,1 % of the families had somewhat frequent social support. Seventy-four percent of the paranormative crises present in the families of the older adults were due to disorganization, with moderately deteriorated social resources in 55,8 % of the older adults.Conclusions: levels of social support were somewhat frequent in the population studied, characterizing the family as the fundamental cell of society, specifying the importance of social support in the elderly and in the family itself

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia en la ciudad de Bogotá DC.

El empleo de técnicas narrativas para el acompañamiento psicosocial a comunidades inmersas en contextos de violencia, permite abordar la construcción de intersubjetividad a partir de aspectos como la comunicación a través del lenguaje, la forma como interpretamos los estados emocionales, las intencionalidades, los deseos y las creencias del otro. En este sentido la Narrativa se convierte en el vehículo por medio de cual se reconstruye la memoria histórica y con ello se restablece la identidad tanto individual, como colectiva. Desde el acompañamiento psicosocial, el fin mismo de la técnica procura incentivar las conductas adaptativas y funcionales del individuo, por medio del desarrollo de recursos personales, que permitan la resiliencia en comunidades afectadas y a partir de ello, generar nuevos escenarios de paz en los territorios, empleando procesos terapéuticos en los que las víctimas dejen atrás el discurso victimizante y lo conviertan en un discurso esperanzador, que les permita auto gestionarse frente a las dificultades que han debido soportar en el pasado. De esta manera, los procesos comunicativos podrían ser aprovechados para promover una cultura basada en la reconstrucción de valores, que ayuden a la recuperación de las relaciones basadas en el respeto, el diálogo, la asertividad en la comunicación y la honestidad, desde un reconocimiento del otro, a través de sus virtudes y capacidades, lo cual ayudará a enfrentar los procesos de vida desde una perspectiva más optimista.The use of narrative techniques for psychosocial support to communities immersed in contexts of violence, allows us to address the construction of intersubjectivity from aspects such as communication through language, the way we interpret emotional states, intentions, desires and other's beliefs. In this sense, the Narrative becomes in the vehicle through which historical memory is reconstructed and with it, the individual and collective identity is restored. From the psychosocial accompaniment, the very purpose of the technique seeks to incentivize the adaptive and functional behaviors of the individual, through the development of personal resources, which allow resilience in affected communities and from this, generate new scenarios of peace in the territories, using therapeutic processes in which the victims leaves behind the victimizing discourse and turns it into a hopeful discourse, which allows them to manage themselves in the face of the difficulties they have had to endure in the past. In this way, the communicative processes could be used to promote a culture based on the reconstruction of values, which help the recovery of relationships based on respect, dialogue, assertiveness in communication and honesty, from a recognition of the another, through its virtues and capabilities, which will help to face life processes from a more optimistic perspective

Combined Associations of a Polygenic Risk Score and Classical Risk Factors With Breast Cancer Risk.

We evaluated the joint associations between a new 313-variant PRS (PRS313) and questionnaire-based breast cancer risk factors for women of European ancestry, using 72 284 cases and 80 354 controls from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. Interactions were evaluated using standard logistic regression and a newly developed case-only method for breast cancer risk overall and by estrogen receptor status. After accounting for multiple testing, we did not find evidence that per-standard deviation PRS313 odds ratio differed across strata defined by individual risk factors. Goodness-of-fit tests did not reject the assumption of a multiplicative model between PRS313 and each risk factor. Variation in projected absolute lifetime risk of breast cancer associated with classical risk factors was greater for women with higher genetic risk (PRS313 and family history) and, on average, 17.5% higher in the highest vs lowest deciles of genetic risk. These findings have implications for risk prevention for women at increased risk of breast cancer

Common variants in breast cancer risk loci predispose to distinct tumor subtypes.

BACKGROUND: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple common breast cancer susceptibility variants. Many of these variants have differential associations by estrogen receptor (ER) status, but how these variants relate with other tumor features and intrinsic molecular subtypes is unclear. METHODS: Among 106,571 invasive breast cancer cases and 95,762 controls of European ancestry with data on 173 breast cancer variants identified in previous GWAS, we used novel two-stage polytomous logistic regression models to evaluate variants in relation to multiple tumor features (ER, progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and grade) adjusting for each other, and to intrinsic-like subtypes. RESULTS: Eighty-five of 173 variants were associated with at least one tumor feature (false discovery rate < 5%), most commonly ER and grade, followed by PR and HER2. Models for intrinsic-like subtypes found nearly all of these variants (83 of 85) associated at p < 0.05 with risk for at least one luminal-like subtype, and approximately half (41 of 85) of the variants were associated with risk of at least one non-luminal subtype, including 32 variants associated with triple-negative (TN) disease. Ten variants were associated with risk of all subtypes in different magnitude. Five variants were associated with risk of luminal A-like and TN subtypes in opposite directions. CONCLUSION: This report demonstrates a high level of complexity in the etiology heterogeneity of breast cancer susceptibility variants and can inform investigations of subtype-specific risk prediction

Genome-wide association analysis of more than 120,000 individuals identifies 15 new susceptibility loci for breast cancer.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and large-scale replication studies have identified common variants in 79 loci associated with breast cancer, explaining ∼14% of the familial risk of the disease. To identify new susceptibility loci, we performed a meta-analysis of 11 GWAS, comprising 15,748 breast cancer cases and 18,084 controls together with 46,785 cases and 42,892 controls from 41 studies genotyped on a 211,155-marker custom array (iCOGS). Analyses were restricted to women of European ancestry. We generated genotypes for more than 11 million SNPs by imputation using the 1000 Genomes Project reference panel, and we identified 15 new loci associated with breast cancer at P < 5 × 10(-8). Combining association analysis with ChIP-seq chromatin binding data in mammary cell lines and ChIA-PET chromatin interaction data from ENCODE, we identified likely target genes in two regions: SETBP1 at 18q12.3 and RNF115 and PDZK1 at 1q21.1. One association appears to be driven by an amino acid substitution encoded in EXO1.BCAC is funded by Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A12014) and by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement 223175 (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS). Meetings of the BCAC have been funded by the European Union COST programme (BM0606). Genotyping on the iCOGS array was funded by the European Union (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175), Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10710, C8197/A16565), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) for the CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer program and the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade of Quebec, grant PSR-SIIRI-701. Combination of the GWAS data was supported in part by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) Cancer Post-Cancer GWAS initiative, grant 1 U19 CA148065-01 (DRIVE, part of the GAME-ON initiative). For a full description of funding and acknowledgments, see the Supplementary Note.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from NPG via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.324

Common non-synonymous SNPs associated with breast cancer susceptibility: findings from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium.

Candidate variant association studies have been largely unsuccessful in identifying common breast cancer susceptibility variants, although most studies have been underpowered to detect associations of a realistic magnitude. We assessed 41 common non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) for which evidence of association with breast cancer risk had been previously reported. Case-control data were combined from 38 studies of white European women (46 450 cases and 42 600 controls) and analyzed using unconditional logistic regression. Strong evidence of association was observed for three nsSNPs: ATXN7-K264R at 3p21 [rs1053338, per allele OR = 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04-1.10, P = 2.9 × 10(-6)], AKAP9-M463I at 7q21 (rs6964587, OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.03-1.07, P = 1.7 × 10(-6)) and NEK10-L513S at 3p24 (rs10510592, OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.07-1.12, P = 5.1 × 10(-17)). The first two associations reached genome-wide statistical significance in a combined analysis of available data, including independent data from nine genome-wide association studies (GWASs): for ATXN7-K264R, OR = 1.07 (95% CI = 1.05-1.10, P = 1.0 × 10(-8)); for AKAP9-M463I, OR = 1.05 (95% CI = 1.04-1.07, P = 2.0 × 10(-10)). Further analysis of other common variants in these two regions suggested that intronic SNPs nearby are more strongly associated with disease risk. We have thus identified a novel susceptibility locus at 3p21, and confirmed previous suggestive evidence that rs6964587 at 7q21 is associated with risk. The third locus, rs10510592, is located in an established breast cancer susceptibility region; the association was substantially attenuated after adjustment for the known GWAS hit. Thus, each of the associated nsSNPs is likely to be a marker for another, non-coding, variant causally related to breast cancer risk. Further fine-mapping and functional studies are required to identify the underlying risk-modifying variants and the genes through which they act.BCAC is funded by Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A12014) and by the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement n8 223175 (HEALTH-F2–2009-223175) (COGS). Meetings of the BCAC have been funded by the European Union COST programme (BM0606). Genotyping of the iCOGS array was funded by the European Union (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175), Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10710), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research for the ‘CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer’ program and the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade of Quebec (PSR-SIIRI-701). Additional support for the iCOGS infrastructure was provided by the National Institutes of Health (CA128978) and Post-Cancer GWAS initiative (1U19 CA148537, 1U19 CA148065 and 1U19 CA148112—the GAME-ON initiative), the Department of Defence (W81XWH-10-1-0341), Komen Foundation for the Cure, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund. The ABCFS and OFBCR work was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products or organizations imply endorsement t by the US Government or the BCFR. The ABCFS was also supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, the New South Wales Cancer Council, the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (Australia) and the Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium. J.L.H. is a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellow and M.C.S. is a NHMRC Senior Research Fellow. The OFBCR work was also supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research ‘CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer’ program. The ABCS was funded by the Dutch Cancer Society Grant no. NKI2007-3839 and NKI2009-4363. The ACP study is funded by the Breast Cancer Research Trust, UK. The work of the BBCC was partly funded by ELAN-Programme of the University Hospital of Erlangen. The BBCS is funded by Cancer Research UK and Breakthrough Breast Cancer and acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and the National Cancer Research Network (NCRN). E.S. is supported by NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s & St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King’s College London, UK. Core funding to the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics was provided by the Wellcome Trust (090532/Z/09/Z). I.T. is supported by the Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The BSUCH study was supported by the Dietmar-Hopp Foundation, the Helmholtz Society and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). The CECILE study was funded by the Fondation de France, the French National Institute of Cancer (INCa), The National League against Cancer, the National Agency for Environmental l and Occupational Health and Food Safety (ANSES), the National Agency for Research (ANR), and the Association for Research against Cancer (ARC). The CGPS was supported by the Chief Physician Johan Boserup and Lise Boserup Fund, the Danish Medical Research Council and Herlev Hospital.The CNIO-BCS was supported by the Genome Spain Foundation the Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer and grants from the Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer and the Fondo de Investigación Sanitario PI11/00923 and PI081120). The Human Genotyping-CEGEN Unit, CNIO is supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III. D.A. was supported by a Fellowship from the Michael Manzella Foundation (MMF) and was a participant in the CNIO Summer Training Program. The CTS was initially supported by the California Breast Cancer Act of 1993 and the California Breast Cancer Research Fund (contract 97-10500) and is currently funded through the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA77398). Collection of cancer incidence e data was supported by the California Department of Public Health as part of the statewide cancer reporting program mandated by California Health and Safety Code Section 103885. HAC receives support from the Lon V Smith Foundation (LVS39420). The ESTHER study was supported by a grant from the Baden Württemberg Ministry of Science, Research and Arts. Additional cases were recruited in the context of the VERDI study, which was supported by a grant from the German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Krebshilfe). The GENICA was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany grants 01KW9975/5, 01KW9976/8, 01KW9977/0 and 01KW0114, the Robert Bosch Foundation, Stuttgart, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), as well as the Department of Internal Medicine , Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus Bonn, Germany. The HEBCS was supported by the Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Fund, Academy of Finland (132473), the Finnish Cancer Society, The Nordic Cancer Union and the Sigrid Juselius Foundation. The HERPACC was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology of Japan, by a Grant-in-Aid for the Third Term Comprehensive 10-Year strategy for Cancer Control from Ministry Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, by a research grant from Takeda Science Foundation , by Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants for Research on Applying Health Technology from Ministry Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan and by National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund. The HMBCS was supported by short-term fellowships from the German Academic Exchange Program (to N.B), and the Friends of Hannover Medical School (to N.B.). Financial support for KARBAC was provided through the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (ALF) between Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet, the Stockholm Cancer Foundation and the Swedish Cancer Society. The KBCP was financially supported by the special Government Funding (EVO) of Kuopio University Hospital grants, Cancer Fund of North Savo, the Finnish Cancer Organizations, the Academy of Finland and by the strategic funding of the University of Eastern Finland. kConFab is supported by grants from the National Breast Cancer Foundation , the NHMRC, the Queensland Cancer Fund, the Cancer Councils of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia and the Cancer Foundation of Western Australia. The kConFab Clinical Follow Up Study was funded by the NHMRC (145684, 288704, 454508). Financial support for the AOCS was provided by the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (DAMD17-01-1-0729), the Cancer Council of Tasmania and Cancer Foundation of Western Australia and the NHMRC (199600). G.C.T. and P.W. are supported by the NHMRC. LAABC is supported by grants (1RB-0287, 3PB-0102, 5PB-0018 and 10PB-0098) from the California Breast Cancer Research Program. Incident breast cancer cases were collected by the USC Cancer Surveillance Program (CSP) which is supported under subcontract by the California Department of Health. The CSP is also part of the National Cancer Institute’s Division of Cancer Prevention and Control Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, under contract number N01CN25403. LMBC is supported by the ‘Stichting tegen Kanker’ (232-2008 and 196-2010). The MARIE study was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe e.V. (70-2892-BR I), the Federal Ministry of Education Research (BMBF) Germany (01KH0402), the Hamburg Cancer Society and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). MBCSG is supported by grants from the Italian Association ciation for Cancer Research (AIRC) and by funds from the Italian citizens who allocated a 5/1000 share of their tax payment in support of the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, according to Italian laws (INT-Institutional strategic projects ‘5 × 1000’). The MCBCS was supported by the NIH grants (CA122340, CA128978) and a Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer (CA116201), the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and a generous gift from the David F. and Margaret T. Grohne Family Foundation and the Ting Tsung and Wei Fong Chao Foundation. MCCS cohort recruitment was funded by VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria. The MCCS was further supported by Australian NHMRC grants 209057, 251553 and 504711 and by infrastructure provided by Cancer Council Victoria. The MEC was supported by NIH grants CA63464, CA54281, CA098758 and CA132839. The work of MTLGEBCS was supported by the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (grant CRN-87521) and the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade (grant PSR-SIIRI-701). MYBRCA is funded by research grants from the Malaysian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education (UM.C/HlR/MOHE/06) and Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF). Additional controls were recruited by the Singapore Eye Research Institute, which was supported by a grant from the Biomedical Research Council (BMRC08/1/35/19,tel:08/1/35/19./550), Singapore and the National medical Research Council, Singapore (NMRC/CG/SERI/2010). The NBCS was supported by grants from the Norwegian Research council (155218/V40, 175240/S10 to A.L.B.D., FUGE-NFR 181600/ V11 to V.N.K. and a Swizz Bridge Award to A.L.B.D.). The NBHS was supported by NIH grant R01CA100374. Biological sample preparation was conducted the Survey and Biospecimen Shared Resource, which is supported by P30 CA68485. The OBCS was supported by research grants from the Finnish Cancer Foundation, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, the Academy of Finland, the University of Oulu, and the Oulu University Hospital. The ORIGO study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (RUL 1997-1505) and the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NLCP16). The PBCS was funded by Intramural Research Funds of the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, USA. pKARMA is a combination of the KARMA and LIBRO-1 studies. KARMA was supported by Ma¨rit and Hans Rausings Initiative Against Breast Cancer. KARMA and LIBRO-1 were supported the Cancer Risk Prediction Center (CRisP; www.crispcenter.org), a Linnaeus Centre (Contract ID 70867902) financed by the Swedish Research Council. The RBCS was funded by the Dutch Cancer Society (DDHK 2004-3124, DDHK 2009-4318). SASBAC was supported by funding from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore (A∗STAR), the US National Institute of Health (NIH) and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation KC was financed by the Swedish Cancer Society (5128-B07-01PAF). The SBCGS was supported primarily by NIH grants R01CA64277, R01CA148667, and R37CA70867. Biological sample preparation was conducted the Survey and Biospecimen Shared Resource, which is supported by P30 CA68485. The SBCS was supported by Yorkshire Cancer Research S305PA, S299 and S295. Funding for the SCCS was provided by NIH grant R01 CA092447. The Arkansas Central Cancer Registry is fully funded by a grant from National Program of Cancer Registries, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Data on SCCS cancer cases from Mississippi were collected by the Mississippi Cancer Registry which participates in the National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the CDC or the Mississippi Cancer Registry. SEARCH is funded by a programme grant from Cancer Research UK (C490/A10124) and supported by the UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the University of Cambridge. The SEBCS was supported by the BRL (Basic Research Laboratory) program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012-0000347). SGBCC is funded by the National Medical Research Council Start-up Grant and Centre Grant (NMRC/CG/NCIS /2010). The recruitment of controls by the Singapore Consortium of Cohort Studies-Multi-ethnic cohort (SCCS-MEC) was funded by the Biomedical Research Council (grant number: 05/1/21/19/425). SKKDKFZS is supported by the DKFZ. The SZBCS was supported by Grant PBZ_KBN_122/P05/2004. K. J. is a fellow of International PhD program, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, supported by the Polish Foundation of Science. The TNBCC was supported by the NIH grant (CA128978), the Breast Cancer Research Foundation , Komen Foundation for the Cure, the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Stefanie Spielman Fund for Breast Cancer Research and a generous gift from the David F. and Margaret T. Grohne Family Foundation and the Ting Tsung and Wei Fong Chao Foundation. Part of the TNBCC (DEMOKRITOS) has been co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund – ESF) and Greek National Funds through the Operational Program ‘Education and Life-long Learning’ of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF)—Research Funding Program of the General Secretariat for Research & Technology: ARISTEIA. The TWBCS is supported by the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica and the National Science Council, Taiwan. The UKBGS is funded by Breakthrough Breast Cancer and the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR). ICR acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. Funding to pay the Open Access publication charges for this article was provided by the Wellcome Trust.This is the advanced access published version distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 2.0, which can also be viewed on the publisher's webstie at: http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/07/04/hmg.ddu311.full.pdf+htm