Los actos de habla como teor?a de la acci?n en el lenguaje de las v?ctimas del conflicto armado en el sur oriente del departamento del Tolima

94 p. Recurso Electr?nicoEl presente trabajo es el resultado de una investigaci?n cualitativa, de las Ciencias Sociales, realizado en el suroriente del Departamento del Huila, en los municipios de Guadalupe, Suaza y Acevedo, donde se estableci? una poblaci?n de v?ctimas de los actores del conflicto armado, procedentes del Caquet? por desplazamiento inmediato y/o desmovilizaci?n luego de la antigua zona de distensi?n y que ahora conforman territorios de marginalidad y comparten su existencia en condiciones de pobreza, precariedad y ausencia del Estado. El estudio es de car?cter ling??stico, realiza un recorrido general por el lenguaje del conflicto colombiano desde la intervenci?n de los actores armados, instituciones y sociedad civil para cumplir con el prop?sito de conocer y analizar el impacto de los actos de habla en el lenguaje de las v?ctimas a trav?s de la aplicaci?n de la teor?a de Austin, quien afirma que los enunciados y las expresiones no solo describen la realidad sino que la transforman, la palabra es acci?n y decir es hacer.This work is the result of a qualitative research of Social Sciences, made in the southeast of the department of Huila, in the municipalities of Guadalupe, Suaza, and Acevedo, where a population of victims of the armed conflict was established from Caquet? department due to displacement or demobilization often the former demilitarized zone and now they form part of the marginal territories and share their existence in poverty, insecurity and absence of the State. This research is of Linguistic character, make a general route for the language of Colombian conflict from the intervention of armed actors, institutions and civil society in order to comply with a purpose, to understand and analyze the impact of speech acts in the language of victims through application of the Austin theory, who says that statements and expressions not only describe reality also it is transformed, the word is action and say is to do. Keywords: Language, speech acts, victims of armed conflict

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London