8 research outputs found
Spectral analysis using Haar wavelet (original signal, denoised signal, residual signal) and source level (SL) for whistle sound of dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) in captivity
- Author
- Publication venue
- 'Institute of Postgraduate Studies, Syiah Kuala University'
- Publication date
- 10/06/2016
- Field of study
This study discussed about Haar wavelet with a view original signal, denoised signal, and residual signal with using fourth whistle sounds of dolphin (Tursiops aduncus). The study was conducted in Safari Park, Cisarua, Bogor Indonesia with 2 dolphins. The results showed differences in results Haar wavelet, this study proves that the Haar wavelet is suitable for the analysis of dolphin sounds, and its have frequency ranged 8-22 kHz. The highest value of the noised signal was smaller than residual signal. The highest of residual signal contained in the second whistle, while the lowest was whistle 1, it showed that the larger the signal denoised result residual signal generated using Haar wavelet. The frequency of source level value ranged 8500 Hz to 11800 Hz, with the highest SL value was 43.9 dB (brown cyrcle). The lowest of the frequency of Source Level (SL) value ranged between 15700 Hz to 17990 Hz, with the lowest SL value was 38.5 dB (brown cyrcle). Whistle 1, 2, 3, and 4 have a different value SL and every SL values obtained in 1,2,3, and 4 have differences noise, it shows the same target but SL value and the sound patterns remain distinct by looking at time duration of whistle sound. Beam pattern from an omni directional sound source (DI= 0 dB, cyan trace) and a directional source following the piston model (DI= 18 dB, black trace) and beam pattern with 4 types signal have ranged value 70 º-180°, with highest intensity value was 60º
Mapping inequalities in exclusive breastfeeding in low- and middle-income countries, 2000–2018
- Author
- Abady Gdiom Gebreheat
- Abd-Allah Foad
- Abdelalim Ahmed
- Abebo Zeleke Hailemariam
- Abejie Ayenew Negesse
- Abosetugn Akine Eshete
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Abrigo Michael R. M.
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abushouk Abdelrahman I.
- Adamu Aishatu L.
- Adedeji Isaac Akinkunmi
- Adegbosin Adeyinka Emmanuel
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adetokunboh Olatunji O.
- Agudelo-Botero Marcela
- Aji Budi
- Akinyemi Oluwaseun Oladapo
- Alamneh Alehegn Aderaw
- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi Turki M.
- Albright James
- Alcalde-Rabanal Jacqueline Elizabeth
- Alemu Biresaw Wassihun
- Alhassan Robert Kaba
- Ali Beriwan Abdulqadir
- Ali Saqib
- Alinia Cyrus
- Alipour Vahid
- Amit Arianna Maever L.
- Amugsi Dickson A.
- Anbesu Etsay Woldu
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anjomshoa Mina
- Ansari Fereshteh
- Antonio Carl Abelardo T.
- Anvari Davood
- Arabloo Jalal
- Arora Amit
- Artanti Kurnia Dwi
- Asemahagn Mulusew A.
- Asmare Wondwossen Niguse
- Atout Maha Moh’d Wahbi
- Ausloos Marcel
- Awoke Nefsu
- Ayanore Martin Amogre
- Aynalem Yared Asmare
- Ayza Muluken Altaye
- Azene Zelalem Nigussie
- Badiye Ashish D.
- Baig Atif Amin
- Bakkannavar Shankar M.
- Banach Maciej
- Banik Palash Chandra
- Basaleem Huda
- Bayati Mohsen
- Baye Bayisa Abdissa
- Bedi Neeraj
- Belay Sefealem Assefa
- Bhagavathula Akshaya Srikanth
- Bhandari Dinesh
- Bhardwaj Nikha
- Bhardwaj Pankaj
- Bhattacharjee Natalia V.
- Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
- Bijani Ali
- Birhan Tsegaye Adane
- Birihane Binyam Minuye
- Bitew Zebenay Workneh
- Bohlouli Somayeh
- Bohluli Mahdi
- Bojia Hunduma Amensisa
- Boloor Archith
- Brady Oliver J.
- Bragazzi Nicola Luigi
- Brunoni Andre R.
- Budhathoki Shyam S.
- Butt Zahid A.
- Bärnighausen Till Winfried
- Castaldelli-Maia Joao Mauricio
- Castro Franz
- Cernigliaro Achille
- Charan Jaykaran
- Chatterjee Pranab
- Chatterjee Souranshu
- Chattu Vijay Kumar
- Chaturvedi Sarika
- Chowdhury Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir
- Chu Dinh-Toi
- Collison Michael L.
- Cook Aubrey J.
- Cork Michael A.
- Couto Rosa A. S.
- Cárdenas Rosario
- Dagnew Baye
- Dai Haijiang
- Dandona Lalit
- Dandona Rakhi
- Daneshpajouhnejad Parnaz
- Darshan B. B.
- Darwesh Aso Mohammad
- Darwish Amira Hamed
- Daryani Ahmad
- Das Jai K.
- Davis Adrian Charles
- de Hidru Hagos Degefa
- Denova-Gutiérrez Edgar
- Deribe Kebede
- Desalew Assefa
- Deshpande Aniruddha
- Dessie Awrajaw
- Deuba Keshab
- Dharmaratne Samath Dhamminda
- Dhimal Meghnath
- Dhungana Govinda Prasad
- Diaz Daniel
- Didarloo Alireza
- Dipeolu Isaac Oluwafemi
- Doan Linh Phuong
- Donkers Katie M.
- Duko Bereket
- Duraes Andre Rodrigues
- Dwyer-Lindgren Laura
- Dávila-Cervantes Claudio Alberto
- Earl Lucas
- El-Jaafary Shaimaa I.
- Elema Teshome Bekele
- Elhabashy Hala Rashad
- Faris Pawan Sirwan
- Faro Andre
- Farzadfar Farshad
- Feigin Valery L.
- Feleke Berhanu Elfu
- Ferede Tomas Y.
- Fischer Florian
- Foigt Nataliya A.
- Folayan Morenike Oluwatoyin
- Franklin Richard Charles
- Gad Mohamed M.
- Gaidhane Shilpa
- Gardner William M.
- Geberemariyam Biniyam Sahiledengle
- Gebregiorgis Birhan Gebresillassie
- Gebremedhin Ketema Bizuwork
- Gebremichael Berhe
- Ghaffarpasand Fariborz
- Gilani Syed Amir
- Ginindza Themba G.
- Glagn Mustefa
- Golechha Mahaveer
- Gonfa Kebebe Bekele
- Goulart Bárbara Niegia Garcia
- Gudi Nachiket
- Guido Davide
- Guled Rashid Abdi
- Guo Yuming
- Gupta Rajat Das
- Hamidi Samer
- Handiso Demelash Woldeyohannes
- Hasaballah Ahmed I.
- Hassan Amr
- Hay Simon I.
- Hay Simon I.
- Hayat Khezar
- Hegazy Mohamed I.
- Heidari Behnam
- Henry Nathaniel J.
- Herteliu Claudiu
- Ho Hung Chak
- Hoang Chi Linh
- Holla Ramesh
- Hon Julia
- Hosseini Mostafa
- Hosseinzadeh Mehdi
- Househ Mowafa
- Hsairi Mohamed
- Hu Guoqing
- Huda Tanvir M.
- Hwang Bing-Fang
- Ibitoye Segun Emmanuel
- Ilesanmi Olayinka Stephen
- Ilic Irena M.
- Ilic Milena D.
- Inbaraj Leeberk Raja
- Iqbal Usman
- Irvani Seyed Sina Naghibi
- Islam M. Mofizul
- Iwu Chidozie C. D.
- Iwu Chinwe Juliana
- Jain Animesh
- Janodia Manthan Dilipkumar
- Javaheri Tahereh
- John-Akinola Yetunde O.
- Johnson Kimberly B.
- Joukar Farahnaz
- Jozwiak Jacek Jerzy
- Kabir Ali
- Kalankesh Leila R.
- Kalhor Rohollah
- Kamath Ashwin
- Kamyari Naser
- Kanchan Other Tanuj
- Kapoor Neeti
- Karimi Salah Eddin
- Karyani Ali Kazemi
- Kasaye Habtamu Kebebe
- Kassahun Getinet
- Kassebaum Nicholas J.
- Kayode Gbenga A.
- Keiyoro Peter Njenga
- Kelkay Bayew
- Khalid Nauman
- Khan Md. Nuruzzaman
- Khaneghah Amin Mousavi
- Khatab Khaled
- Khater Amir M.
- Khater Mona M.
- Khatib Mahalaqua Nazli
- Kim Yun Jin
- Kimokoti Ruth W.
- Kinyoki Damaris K.
- Kisa Adnan
- Kisa Sezer
- Kosen Soewarta
- Krishan Kewal
- Kulkarni Vaman
- Kumar G. Anil
- Kumar Manasi
- Kumar Nithin
- Kumar Pushpendra
- Kurmi Om P.
- Kusuma Dian
- Lad Sheetal D.
- Lami Faris Hasan
- Landires Iván
- Lansingh Van Charles
- Lasrado Savita
- Lazzar-Atwood Alice
- Lee Paul H.
- LeGrand Kate E.
- Letourneau Ian D.
- Lewycka Sonia
- Li Bingyu
- Li Ming-Chieh
- Li Shanshan
- Liu Xuefeng
- Lodha Rakesh
- Lopez Jaifred Christian F.
- Louie Celia
- Lu Dan
- Machado Daiane Borges
- Mahesh P. A.
- Maled Venkatesh
- Maleki Shokofeh
- Malta Deborah Carvalho
- Mamun Abdullah A.
- Manafi Navid
- Mansournia Mohammad Ali
- Mapoma Chabila Christopher
- Marczak Laurie B.
- Martins-Melo Francisco Rogerlândio
- Matin Behzad Karami
- Mehndiratta Man Mohan
- Mejia-Rodriguez Fabiola
- Mekonnen Tefera Chane
- Mendoza Walter
- Menezes Ritesh G.
- Mengesha Endalkachew Worku
- Mersha Abera M.
- Miller Ted R.
- Mini G. K.
- Mirrakhimov Erkin M.
- Misra Sanjeev
- Moghadaszadeh Masoud
- Mohammad Dara K.
- Mohammadian-Hafshejani Abdollah
- Mohammed Jemal Abdu
- Mohammed Shafiu
- Mokdad Ali H.
- Montero-Zamora Pablo A.
- Moradi Masoud
- Moradzadeh Rahmatollah
- Moraga Paula
- Mosser Jonathan F.
- Mousavi Seyyed Meysam
- Munro Sandra B.
- Muriithi Moses K.
- Mustafa Ghulam
- Muthupandian Saravanan
- Nagaraja Sharath Burugina
- Nagarajan Ahamarshan Jayaraman
- Naik Gurudatta
- Naimzada Mukhammad David
- Nangia Vinay
- Nascimento Bruno Ramos
- Nayak Vinod C.
- Ndejjo Rawlance
- Ndwandwe Duduzile Edith
- Negoi Ionut
- Nguefack-Tsague Georges
- Ngunjiri Josephine W.
- Nguyen Cuong Tat
- Nguyen Diep Ngoc
- Nguyen Huong Lan Thi
- Nigussie Samuel Negash
- Nigussie Tadesse T. N.
- Nikbakhsh Rajan
- Nnaji Chukwudi A.
- Nunez-Samudio Virginia
- Oancea Bogdan
- Oghenetega Onome Bright
- Olagunju Andrew T.
- Olusanya Bolajoko Olubukunola
- Olusanya Jacob Olusegun
- Omer Muktar Omer
- Onwujekwe Obinna E.
- Ortega-Altamirano Doris V.
- Osgood-Zimmerman Aaron E.
- Otstavnov Nikita
- Otstavnov Stanislav S.
- Owolabi Mayowa O.
- Padubidri Jagadish Rao
- Pana Adrian
- Pandey Anamika
- Pandi-Perumal Seithikurippu R.
- Pangaribuan Helena Ullyartha
- Parsekar Shradha S.
- Pasupula Deepak Kumar
- Patel Urvish K.
- Pathak Ashish
- Pathak Mona
- Pattanshetty Sanjay M.
- Patton George C.
- Paulos Kebreab
- Pepito Veincent Christian Filipino
- Pickering Brandon V.
- Pinheiro Marina
- Piwoz Ellen G.
- Pokhrel Khem Narayan
- Pourjafar Hadi
- Prada Sergio I.
- Pribadi Dimas Ria Angga
- Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina Ayala
- Rabiee Mohammad
- Rabiee Navid
- Rahim Fakher
- Rahimzadeh Shadi
- Rahman Azizur
- Rahman Mohammad Hifz Ur
- Rahmani Amir Masoud
- Rai Rajesh Kumar
- Ranabhat Chhabi Lal
- Rao Sowmya J.
- Rastogi Prateek
- Rathi Priya
- Rawaf David Laith
- Rawaf Salman
- Rawassizadeh Reza
- Rawat Rahul
- Rawat Ramu
- Regassa Lemma Demissie
- Rego Maria Albertina Santiago
- Reiner Robert C.
- Reshmi Bhageerathy
- Rezapour Aziz
- Ribeiro Ana Isabel
- Rickard Jennifer
- Roever Leonardo
- Rumisha Susan Fred
- Rwegerera Godfrey M.
- Sagar Rajesh
- Sajadi S. Mohammad
- Salem Marwa Rashad
- Samy Abdallah M.
- Santric-Milicevic Milena M.
- Saraswathy Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer
- Sarker Abdur Razzaque
- Sartorius Benn
- Sathian Brijesh
- Saxena Deepak
- Sbarra Alyssa N.
- Schaeffer Lauren E.
- Schipp Megan F.
- Sengupta Debarka
- Senthilkumaran Subramanian
- Sha Feng
- Shafaat Omid
- Shaheen Amira A.
- Shaikh Masood Ali
- Shalash Ali S.
- Shannawaz Mohammed
- Sheikh Aziz
- Shetty B. Suresh Kumar
- Shetty Ranjitha S.
- Shibuya Kenji
- Shiferaw Wondimeneh Shibabaw
- Shin Jae Il
- Silva Diego Augusto Santos
- Singh Narinder Pal
- Singh Pushpendra
- Singh Surya
- Sintayehu Yitagesu
- Skryabin Valentin Yurievich
- Skryabina Anna Aleksandrovna
- Soheili Amin
- Soltani Shahin
- Sorrie Muluken Bekele
- Spurlock Emma Elizabeth
- Steuben Krista M.
- Sudaryanto Agus
- Sufiyan Mu’awiyyah Babale
- Swartz Scott J.
- Syed Zahiruddin Quazi
- Tadesse Eyayou Girma
- Tamiru Animut Tagele
- Tantawi Maha El
- Tapak Leili
- Tareque Md. Ismail
- Tarigan Ingan Ukur
- Tesema Getayeneh Antehunegn
- Tesfay Fisaha Haile
- Teshome Abinet
- Tessema Zemenu Tadesse
- Thankappan Kavumpurathu Raman
- Thapar Rekha
- Thomas Nihal
- Topor-Madry Roman
- Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto
- Traini Eugenio
- Tran Bach Xuan
- Truong Phuong N.
- Tsegaye Berhan Tsegaye B. T.
- Ullah Irfan
- Umeokonkwo Chukwuma David
- Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran
- Upadhyay Era
- Uzochukwu Benjamin S. Chudi
- VanderHeide John David
- Vecchia Carlo La
- Violante Francesco S.
- Vo Bay
- Wado Yohannes Dibaba
- Waheed Yasir
- Wamai Richard G.
- Wang Fang
- Wang Yafeng
- Wang Yuan-Pang
- Weaver Nicole Davis
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Wiens Kirsten E.
- Wiysonge Charles Shey
- Woyczynski Lauren
- Wu Ai-Min
- Wu Chenkai
- Yamada Tomohide
- Yaya Sanni
- Yeshaneh Alex
- Yeshaw Yigizie
- Yeshitila Yordanos Gizachew
- Yilma Mekdes Tigistu
- Yip Paul
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Yosef Tewodros
- Younis Mustafa Z.
- Yousuf Abdilahi Yousuf
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yu Yong
- Yuce Deniz
- Zafar Shamsa
- Zaidi Syed Saoud
- Zaki Leila
- Zaki Maysaa El Sayed
- Zakzuk Josefina
- Zamanian Maryam
- Zar Heather J.
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zastrozhina Anasthasia
- Zelellw Desalege Amare
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhao Xiu-Ju George
- Zodpey Sanjay
- Zuniga Yves Miel H.
- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2021
- Field of study
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)—giving infants only breast-milk for the first 6 months of life—is a component of optimal breastfeeding practices effective in preventing child morbidity and mortality. EBF practices are known to vary by population and comparable subnational estimates of prevalence and progress across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are required for planning policy and interventions. Here we present a geospatial analysis of EBF prevalence estimates from 2000 to 2018 across 94 LMICs mapped to policy-relevant administrative units (for example, districts), quantify subnational inequalities and their changes over time, and estimate probabilities of meeting the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) of ≥70% EBF prevalence by 2030. While six LMICs are projected to meet the WHO GNT of ≥70% EBF prevalence at a national scale, only three are predicted to meet the target in all their district-level units by 2030
Global variations in diabetes mellitus based on fasting glucose and haemogloblin A1c
- Author
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abdul Rahim Hanan F.
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen M.
- Adambekov Shalkar
- Adams Robert J.
- Aekplakorn Wichai
- Agdeppa Imelda A.
- Aghazadeh-Attari Javad
- Aguilar-Salinas Carlos A.
- Agyemang Charles
- Ahmad Noor Ani
- Ahmadi Ali
- Ahmadi Naser
- Ahmadi Nastaran
- Ahmed Soheir H.
- Ajlouni Kamel
- Al Asfoor Deena
- Al Qaoud Nawal M.
- Al-Hina Halima
- Al-Lahou Badreya
- Al-Lawati Jawad A.
- Alarouj Monira
- AlBuhairan Fadia
- AlDhukair Shahla
- Aldwairji Maryam A.
- Ali Mohamed M.
- Alinezhad Farbod
- Alkandari Abdullah
- Alomirah Husam F.
- Aly Eman
- Amarapurkar Deepak N.
- Andersen Lars Bo
- Anderssen Sigmund A.
- Andrade Dolores S.
- Anjana Ranjit Mohan
- Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza
- Aounallah-Skhiri Hajer
- Aris Tahir
- Arlappa Nimmathota
- Aryal Krishna K.
- Assah Felix K.
- Assembekov Batyrbek
- Auvinen Juha
- Avdičová Mária
- Azad Kishwar
- Azimi-Nezhad Mohsen
- Azizi Fereidoun
- Bacopoulou Flora
- Balakrishna Nagalla
- Bamoshmoosh Mohamed
- Banach Maciej
- Bandosz Piotr
- Banegas José R.
- Bao Tran Quoc
- Barbagallo Carlo M.
- Barceló Alberto
- Baretić Maja
- Barrera Lena
- Basit Abdul
- Batieha Anwar M.
- Batista Aline P.
- Baur Louise A.
- Belavendra Antonisamy
- Benchekor Sounnia Mediene
- Benet Mikhail
- Bennett James E.
- Berkinbayev Salim
- Bernabe- Ortiz Antonio
- Berrios Carrasola Ximena
- Bettiol Heloísa
- Beybey Augustin F.
- Bhargava Santosh K.
- Bika Lele Elysée Claude
- Bikbov Mukharram M.
- Bista Bihungum
- Bjerregaard Peter
- Bjertness Espen
- Bjertness Marius B.
- Björkelund Cecilia
- Bloch Katia V.
- Blokstra Anneke
- Bo Simona
- Bobak Martin
- Boggia Jose G.
- Bonaccio Marialaura
- Bonilla-Vargas Alice
- Borghs Herman
- Bovet Pascal
- Brajkovich Imperia
- Brenner Hermann
- Brewster Lizzy M.
- Brian Garry R.
- Briceño Yajaira
- Brito Miguel
- Bugge Anna
- Buntinx Frank
- Cabrera de León Antonio
- Caixeta Roberta B.
- Can Günay
- Capanzana Mario V.
- Capuano Eduardo
- Capuano Rocco
- Capuano Vincenzo
- Cardoso Viviane C.
- Carlsson Axel C.
- Carrillo-Larco Rodrigo M.
- Casanueva Felipe F.
- Censi Laura
- Cervantes‐Loaiza Marvin
- Chamnan Parinya
- Chamukuttan Snehalatha
- Chan Queenie
- Charchar Fadi J.
- Chaturvedi Nish
- Chen Huashuai
- Cheraghian Bahman
- Chirlaque María-Dolores
- Chudek Jerzy
- Cifkova Renata
- Cirillo Massimo
- Claessens Frank
- Cohen Emmanuel
- Concin Hans
- Cooper Cyrus
- Costanzo Simona
- Cowan Melanie J.
- Cowell Chris
- Crujeiras Ana B.
- Cruz Juan J.
- Cureau Felipe V.
- Cuschieri Sarah
- Cândido Ana Paula C.
- Dallongeville Jean
- Damasceno Albertino
- Danaei Goodarz
- Dastgiri Saeed
- Davletov Kairat
- De Curtis Amalia
- de Gaetano Giovanni
- De Henauw Stefaan
- Deepa Mohan
- DeGennaro Vincent Jr
- Demarest Stefaan
- Dennison Elaine
- Deschamps Valérie
- Dhimal Meghnath
- Dika Zivka
- Djalalinia Shirin
- Donfrancesco Chiara
- Dong Guanghui
- Dorobantu Maria
- dos Santos Henrique Rafael
- Dragano Nico
- Drygas Wojciech
- Du Yong
- Duante Charmaine A.
- Duboz Priscilla
- Dushpanova Anar
- Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk Elzbieta
- Dörr Marcus
- D’Arrigo Graziella
- d’Orsi Eleonora
- Ebrahimi Narges
- Eddie Ricky
- Eftekhar Ebrahim
- Efthymiou Vasiliki
- Egbagbe Eruke E.
- Eghtesad Sareh
- El Ati Jalila
- El-Khateeb Mohammad
- Eldemire-Shearer Denise
- Elosua Roberto
- Enang Ofem
- Erasmus Rajiv T.
- Erbel Raimund
- Erem Cihangir
- Ergor Gul
- Eriksen Louise
- Eriksson Johan G.
- Esmaeili Ali
- Evans Roger G.
- Ezzati Majid
- Fakhradiyev Ildar
- Fall Caroline H.
- Faramarzi Elnaz
- Farjam Mojtaba
- Farzadfar Farshad
- Farzi Yosef
- Fawwad Asher
- Felix-Redondo Francisco J.
- Ferguson Trevor S.
- Fernández-Bergés Daniel
- Ferrari Marika
- Ferreccio Catterina
- Ferreira Haroldo S.
- Ferrer Eldridge
- Feskens Edith J. M.
- Flood David
- Forsner Maria
- Fosse Sandrine
- Fottrell Edward F.
- Fouad Heba M.
- Francis Damian K.
- Frontera Guillermo
- Furusawa Takuro
- Gaciong Zbigniew
- Garnett Sarah P.
- Gasull Magda
- Gazzinelli Andrea
- Gehring Ulrike
- Ghaderi Ebrahim
- Ghamari Hadi
- Ghanbari Ali
- Ghasemi Erfan
- Gheorghe-Fronea Oana-Florentina
- Ghimire Anup
- Gialluisi Alessandro
- Giampaoli Simona
- Gianfagna Francesco
- Gill Tiffany K.
- Gironella Glen
- Giwercman Aleksander
- Goltzman David
- Gomula Aleksandra
- Gonzalez Angel R.
- Gonzalez-Chica David A.
- Gonzalez-Gross Marcela
- González-Rivas Juan P.
- González-Villalpando Clicerio
- González-Villalpando María-Elena
- Gonçalves Helen
- Gonçalves Mauer
- Gottrand Frederic
- Grafnetter Dušan
- Gregg Edward W.
- Grodzicki Tomasz
- Grøntved Anders
- Guerrero Ramiro
- Gujral Unjali P.
- Gupta Rajeev
- Gutierrez Laura
- Gwee Xinyi
- Haghshenas Rosa
- Hakimi Hamid
- Hambleton Ian R.
- Hamzeh Behrooz
- Hanekom Willem A.
- Hange Dominique
- Hantunen Sari
- Hao Jie
- Harooni Javad
- Hashemi-Shahri Seyed Mohammad
- Hata Jun
- Heap Rachel A.
- Heidemann Christin
- Herrala Sauli
- Herzig Karl-Heinz
- Heshmat Ramin
- Ho Sai Yin
- Holdsworth Michelle
- Homayounfar Reza
- Hopman Wilma M.
- Horimoto Andrea R. V. R.
- Hormiga Claudia
- Horta Bernardo L.
- Houti Leila
- Howitt Christina
- Htay Thein Thein
- Htet Aung Soe
- Huerta José María
- Huisman Martijn
- Husseini Abdullatif
- Huybrechts Inge
- Iacoviello Licia
- Iakupova Ellina M.
- Iannone Anna G.
- Ijoma Chinwuba
- Imperatore Giuseppina
- Irazola Vilma E.
- Ishida Takafumi
- Isiguzo Godsent C.
- Islek Duygu
- Ittermann Till
- Iwasaki Masanori
- Jacobs Jeremy M.
- Jaddou Hashem Y.
- Jadoul Michel
- Jallow Bakary
- James Kenneth
- Jamil Kazi M.
- Janus Edward
- Jarvelin Marjo-Riitta
- Jasienska Grazyna
- Jelaković Ana
- Jelaković Bojan
- Jennings Garry
- Jha Anjani Kumar
- Jimenez Ramon O.
- Jokelainen Jari J.
- Jonas Jost B.
- Joshi Pradeep
- Josipović Josipa
- Joukar Farahnaz
- Jääskeläinen Tuija
- Jóźwiak Jacek
- Jöckel Karl-Heinz
- Kafatos Anthony
- Kajantie Eero O.
- Kalmatayeva Zhanna
- Karki Khem B.
- Katibeh Marzieh
- Kauhanen Jussi
- Kazakbaeva Gyulli M.
- Kaze François F.
- Ke Calvin
- Keinänen-Kiukaanniem Sirkka
- Kelishadi Roya
- Kengne Andre P.
- Keramati Maryam
- Kersting Mathilde
- Khader Yousef Saleh
- Khaledifar Arsalan
- Khalili Davood
- Khang Young-Ho
- Kheiri Bahareh
- Kheradmand Motahareh
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- Yoosefi Moein
- Yoshihara Akihiro
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- Yu Yu-Ling
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- Yusoff Ahmad Faudzi
- Zainuddin Ahmad A.
- Zamani Farhad
- Zambon Sabina
- Zampelas Antonis
- Zaw Ko Ko
- Zdrojewski Tomasz
- Zeljkovic Vrkic Tajana
- Zeng Yi
- Zhang Zhen-Yu
- Zholdin Bekbolat
- Zhou Bin
- Zimmet Paul
- Zitt Emanuel
- Zuñiga Cisneros Julio
- Čapková Naděžda
- Šalaj Sanja
- Publication venue
- Nature Publishing Group
- Publication date
- 01/01/2023
- Field of study
Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose
diabetes, but may identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117
population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of
diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected
as having diabetes in survey screening had elevated FPG, HbA1c, or both. We developed
prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously
diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa.
The age-standardised proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed, and
detected in survey screening, ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66%
in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the agestandardised
proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39%
across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and
middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c more common than isolated elevated
FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and
underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite
resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global gap in diabetes diagnosis and
surveillance.peer-reviewe
Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbas Jaffar
- Abbasi Madineh Akram
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd-Rabu Rami
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdollahi Mozhan
- Abdollahifar Mohammad-Amin
- Abdulah Deldar Morad
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abedi Aidin
- Abedi Vida
- Abeldaño Zuñiga Roberto Ariel
- Abidi Hassan
- Abiodun Olumide
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Aboyans Victor
- Abrha Woldu Aberhe
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abualhasan Ahmed
- Aburuz Salahdein
- Adamu Lawan Hassan
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Adebayo Oladimeji M
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adekiya Tayo Alex
- Adikusuma Wirawan
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Adra Saryia
- Afework Tsion
- Afolabi Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika
- Afraz Ali
- Afzal Saira
- Aghamiri Shahin
- Agodi Antonella
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmadzade Amir Mahmoud
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Jivan Qasim
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Ajami Marjan
- Aji Budi
- Ajumobi Olufemi
- Akade Seyed Esma'il
- Akbari Morteza
- Akbarialiabad Hossein
- Akhlaghi Shiva
- Akinosoglou Karolina
- Akinyemi Rufus Olusola
- Akonde Maxwell
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- AL-Ahdal Tareq Mohammed Ali
- Al-amer Rasmieh Mustafa
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Omari Basem
- Al-Shahi Salman Rustam
- Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Alahdab Fares
- Albashtawy Mohammed
- AlBataineh Mohammad T
- Aldawsari Khalifah A
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- Algammal Abdelazeem M
- Alhalaiqa Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji
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- Ali Endale Alemayehu
- Ali Liaqat
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Musa Mohammed
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Shahid
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Ali Zahid
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Alimohamadi Yousef
- Aliyi Ahmednur Adem
- Aljofan Mohamad
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Alladi Suvarna
- Almazan Joseph Uy
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- Atorkey Prince
- Atout Maha Moh'd Wahbi
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- Aujayeb Avinash
- Avan Abolfazl
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- Chi Gerald
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- Chowdhury Enayet Karim
- Chowdhury Rajiv
- Christensen Hanne
- Chu Dinh-Toi
- Chukwu Isaac Sunday
- Chung Eric
- Coberly Kaleb
- Columbus Alyssa
- Comachio Josielli
- Conde Joao
- Cortesi Paolo Angelo
- Costa Vera Marisa
- Cousin Ewerton
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- Criqui Michael H
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- Dai Zhaoli
- Danawi Hadi A
- Dandona Lalit
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- Darwish Amira Hamed
- Das Saswati
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- Dash Nihar Ranjan
- Dashti Mohsen
- De la Hoz Fernando Pio
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- Demissie Solomon
- Deng Xinlei
- Desai Hardik Dineshbhai
- Devanbu Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan
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- Dirac M Ashworth
- Diress Mengistie
- Do Thanh Chi
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- Doheim Mohamed Fahmy
- Dokova Klara Georgieva
- Dongarwar Deepa
- Dsouza Haneil Larson
- Dua Tarun
- Dube John
- Duraisamy Senbagam
- Durojaiye Oyewole Christopher
- Dutta Sulagna
- Dziedzic Arkadiusz Marian
- Edinur Hisham Atan
- Eissazade Negin
- Ekholuenetale Michael
- Ekundayo Temitope Cyrus
- El Nahas Nevine
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- Esezobor Christopher Imokhuede
- Eskandarieh Sharareh
- Fadaei Abdolmajid
- Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis
- Fahim Ayesha
- Faramarzi Ali
- Fares Jawad
- Farjoud Kouhanjani Mohsen
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- Fatehizadeh Ali
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- Gebreslassie Haftay Gebremedhin
- Getacher Lemma
- Ghaderi Yazdi Bardiya
- Ghadirian Fataneh
- Ghaffarpasand Fariborz
- Ghanbari Reza
- Ghasemi MohammadReza
- Ghazy Ramy Mohamed
- Ghimire Sailaja
- Gholami Ali
- Gholamrezanezhad Ali
- Ghotbi Elena
- Ghozy Sherief
- Gialluisi Alessandro
- Gill Paramjit Singh
- Glasstetter Logan M
- Gnedovskaya Elena V
- Golchin Ali
- Golechha Mahaveer
- Goleij Pouya
- Golinelli Davide
- Gomes-Neto Mansueto
- Goulart Alessandra C
- Goyal Anmol
- Gray Richard J
- Grivna Michal
- Guadie Habtamu Alganeh
- Guan Bin
- Guarducci Giovanni
- Guicciardi Stefano
- Gunawardane Damitha Asanga
- Guo Hanbing
- Gupta Bhawna
- Gupta Rajeev
- Gupta Sapna
- Gupta Veer Bala
- Gupta Vivek Kumar
- Gutiérrez Reyna Alma
- Habibzadeh Farrokh
- Hachinski Vladimir
- Haddadi Rasool
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- Haep Nils
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- Haile Teklehaimanot Gereziher
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- Hammoud Ahmad
- Han Hannah
- Hanifi Nasrin
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- Hao Junwei
- Harapan Harapan
- Hareru Habtamu Endashaw
- Hargono Arief
- Harlianto Netanja I.
- Haro Josep Maria
- Hartman Nicholas Nathaniel
- Hasaballah Ahmed I.
- Hasan Faizul
- Hasani Hamidreza
- Hasanian Mohammad
- Hassan Amr
- Hassan Shoaib
- Hassanipour Soheil
- Hassankhani Hadi
- Hassen Mohammed Bheser
- Haubold Johannes
- Hay Simon I
- Hayat Khezar
- Hegazy Mohamed I
- Heidari Golnaz
- Heidari Mohammad
- Heidari-Soureshjani Reza
- Hesami Hamed
- Hezam Kamal
- Hiraike Yuta
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- Holla Ramesh
- Hopf Kathleen Pillsbury
- Horita Nobuyuki
- Hossain Md Mahbub
- Hossain Md. Belal
- Hossain Sahadat
- Hosseinzadeh Hassan
- Hosseinzadeh Mehdi
- Hostiuc Sorin
- Hu Chengxi
- Huang Junjie
- Huda Md. Nazmul
- Hussain Javid
- Hussein Nawfal R
- Huynh Hong-Han
- Hwang Bing-Fang
- Ibitoye Segun Emmanuel
- Ilaghi Mehran
- Ilesanmi Olayinka Stephen
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- Ilic Milena D
- Immurana Mustapha
- Iravanpour Farideh
- Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
- Ismail Faisal
- Iso Hiroyasu
- Isola Gaetano
- Iwagami Masao
- Iwu Chidozie C D
- Iyer Mahalaxmi
- Jaan Ali
- Jacob Louis
- Jadidi-Niaragh Farhad
- Jafari Mahboobeh
- Jafarinia Morteza
- Jafarzadeh Abdollah
- Jahankhani Kasra
- Jahanmehr Nader
- Jahrami Haitham
- Jaiswal Abhishek
- Jakovljevic Mihajlo
- Jamora Roland Dominic G
- Jana Somnath
- Javadi Nilofer
- Javed Saad
- Javeed Saad
- Jayapal Sathish Kumar
- Jayaram Shubha
- Jiang Heng
- Johnson Catherine Owens
- Johnson Walter D
- Jokar Mohammad
- Jonas Jost B
- Joseph Abel
- Joseph Nitin
- Joshua Charity Ehimwenma
- Jürisson Mikk
- Kabir Ali
- Kabir Zubair
- Kabito Gebisa Guyasa
- Kadashetti Vidya
- Kafi Fatemeh
- Kalani Rizwan
- Kalantar Farnaz
- Kaliyadan Feroze
- Kamath Ashwin
- Kamath Sagarika
- Kanchan Tanuj
- Kandel Amit
- Kandel Himal
- Kanmodi Kehinde Kazeem
- Karajizadeh Mehrdad
- Karami Jafar
- Karanth Shama D
- Karaye Ibraheem M
- Karch André
- Karimi Behnagh Arman
- Karimi Aliasghar
- Karimi Hanie
- Kasraei Hengameh
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- Kaur Harkiran
- Kaur Navjot
- Kayode Gbenga A
- Kazemi Foad
- Keikavoosi-Arani Leila
- Keller Cathleen
- Keykhaei Mohammad
- Khadembashiri Mohammad Amin
- Khader Yousef Saleh
- Khafaie Morteza Abdullatif
- Khajuria Himanshu
- Khalaji Amirmohammad
- Khamesipour Faham
- Khammarnia Mohammad
- Khan Suheb Mahammed Ziauddin
- Khan Maseer
- Khan Moien AB
- Khan Yusra H
- Khanmohammadi Shaghayegh
- Khanna Tripti
- Khatab Khaled
- Khatatbeh Haitham
- Khatatbeh Moawiah Mohammad
- Khateri Sorour
- Khatib Mahalaqua Nazli
- Khayat Kashani Hamid Reza
- Khonji Mohammad Saeid
- khorashadizadeh Fatemeh
- Khormali Moein
- Khubchandani Jagdish
- Kian Saeid
- Kim Grace
- Kim Jihee
- Kim Min Seo
- Kim Yun Jin
- Kimokoti Ruth W
- Kisa Adnan
- Kisa Sezer
- Kivimäki Mika
- Kochhar Sonali
- Kolahi Ali-Asghar
- Koly Kamrun Nahar
- Kompani Farzad
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- Kosen Soewarta
- Kourosh Arami Masoumeh
- Koyanagi Ai
- Kravchenko Michael A
- Krishan Kewal
- Krishnamoorthy Vijay
- Kuate Defo Barthelemy
- Kuddus Md Abdul
- Kumar Ashish
- Kumar G Anil
- Kumar Manasi
- Kumar Nithin
- Kumsa Netsanet Bogale
- Kundu Satyajit
- Kurniasari Maria Dyah
- Kusuma Dian
- Kuttikkattu Ambily
- Kyu Hmwe Hmwe
- La Vecchia Carlo
- Ladan Muhammad Awwal
- Lahariya Chandrakant
- Laksono Tri
- Lal Dharmesh Kumar
- Lallukka Tea
- Lami Faris Hasan
- Landires Iván
- Langguth Berthold
- Lasrado Savita
- Latief Kamaluddin
- Latifinaibin Kaveh
- Lau Kathryn Mei-Ming
- Laurens Matthew B
- Lawal Basira Kankia
- Le Long Khanh Dao
- Le Thao Thi Thu
- Ledda Caterina
- Lee Munjae
- Lee Sang-woong
- Lee Seung Won
- Lee Wei-Chen
- Lee Yo Han
- Leonardi Matilde
- Lerango Temesgen L
- Li Ming-Chieh
- Li Wei
- Ligade Virendra S
- Lim Stephen S
- Linehan Christine
- Liu Chaojie
- Liu Jue
- Liu Wei
- Lo Chun-Han
- Lo Warren David
- Lobo Stany W
- Logroscino Giancarlo
- Lopes Graciliana
- Lopukhov Platon D
- Lorenzovici László
- Lorkowski Stefan
- Loureiro Joana A
- Lubinda Jailos
- Lucchetti Giancarlo
- Lutzky Saute Ricardo
- Lám Judit
- Ma Zheng Feei
- Mabrok Mahmoud
- Machoy Monika
- Madadizadeh Farzan
- Magdy Abd El Razek Mohammed
- Maghazachi Azzam A
- Maghbouli Nastaran
- Mahjoub Soleiman
- Mahmoudi Morteza
- Majeed Azeem
- Malagón-Rojas Jeadran N.
- Malakan Rad Elaheh
- Malhotra Kashish
- Malik Ahmad Azam
- Malik Iram
- Mallhi Tauqeer Hussain
- Malta Deborah Carvalho
- Manilal Aseer
- Mansouri Vahid
- Mansournia Mohammad Ali
- Marasini Bishnu P
- Marateb Hamid Reza
- Maroufi Seyed Farzad
- Martinez-Raga Jose
- Martini Santi
- Martins-Melo Francisco Rogerlândio
- Martorell Miquel
- Marzo Roy Rillera
- Massano João
- Mathangasinghe Yasith
- Mathews Elezebeth
- Maude Richard James
- Maugeri Andrea
- Maulik Pallab K
- Mayeli Mahsa
- Mazaheri Maryam
- McAlinden Colm
- McGrath John J
- Meena Jitendra Kumar
- Mehlman Max L
- Mehndiratta Man Mohan
- Mendez-Lopez Max Alberto Mendez
- Mendoza Walter
- Mendoza-Cano Oliver
- Menezes Ritesh G
- Merati Mohsen
- Meretoja Atte
- Merkin Alexander
- Mersha Abera M
- Mestrovic Tomislav
- Mi Tianyue
- Miazgowski Tomasz
- Michalek Irmina Maria
- Mihretie Ephrem Tesfaye
- Minh Le Huu Nhat
- Mirfakhraie Reza
- Mirica Andreea
- Mirrakhimov Erkin M
- Mirzaei Mehdi
- Misganaw Awoke
- Misra Sanjeev
- Mithra Prasanna
- Mizana Biru Abdissa
- Moberg Madeline E
- Mohamadkhani Ashraf
- Mohamed Nouh Saad
- Mohammadi Esmaeil
- Mohammadi Hiwa
- Mohammadi Shadieh
- Mohammadi Soheil
- Mohammadshahi Marita
- Mohammed Mustapha
- Mohammed Salahuddin
- Mohammed Shafiu
- Mohan Syam
- Mojiri-forushani Hoda
- Moka Nagabhishek
- Mokdad Ali H
- Molinaro Sabrina
- Monasta Lorenzo
- Moniruzzaman Md
- Montazeri Fateme
- Moradi Maryam
- Moradi Yousef
- Moradi-Lakeh Maziar
- Moraga Paula
- Morovatdar Negar
- Morrison Shane Douglas
- Mosapour Abbas
- Mosser Jonathan F
- Mossialos Elias
- Motaghinejad Majid
- Mousavi Parsa
- Mousavi Seyed Ehsan
- Mubarik Sumaira
- Muccioli Lorenzo
- Mughal Faraz
- Mukoro George Duke
- Mulita Admir
- Mulita Francesk
- Murray Christopher J L
- Musaigwa Fungai
- Mustafa Ahmad
- Mustafa Ghulam
- Muthu Sathish
- März Winfried
- Möller Holger
- Nagarajan Ahamarshan Jayaraman
- Naghavi Pirouz
- Naik Ganesh R
- Nainu Firzan
- Nair Tapas Sadasivan
- Najmuldeen Hastyar Hama Rashid
- Nakhostin Ansari Noureddin
- Nambi Gopal
- Namdar Areshtanab Hossein
- Nargus Shumaila
- Nascimento Bruno Ramos
- Naser Abdallah Y
- Nashwan Abdulqadir J J
- Nasoori Hadis
- Nasreldein Ahmed
- Natto Zuhair S
- Nauman Javaid
- Nayak Biswa Prakash
- Nazri-Panjaki Athare
- Negaresh Mohammad
- Negash Hadush
- Negoi Ionut
- Negoi Ruxandra Irina
- Negru Serban Mircea
- Nejadghaderi Seyed Aria
- Nematollahi Mohammad Hadi
- Nesbit Olivia D
- Newton Charles Richard James
- Nguyen Dang H
- Nguyen Hau Thi Hien
- Nguyen Hien Quang
- Nguyen Ngoc-Trinh Thi
- Nguyen Phat Tuan
- Nguyen Van Thanh
- Niazi Robina Khan
- Nichols Emma
- Nikolouzakis Taxiarchis Konstantinos
- Niranjan Vikram
- Nnyanzi Lawrence Achilles
- Noman Efaq Ali
- Noroozi Nafise
- Norrving Bo
- Noubiap Jean Jacques
- Nri-Ezedi Chisom Adaobi
- Ntaios George
- Nurrika Dieta
- Nuñez-Samudio Virginia
- O'Donnell Martin James
- Oancea Bogdan
- Odetokun Ismail A
- Ogunsakin Ropo Ebenezer
- Oguta James Odhiambo
- Oh In-Hwan
- Okati-Aliabad Hassan
- Okeke Sylvester Reuben
- Okekunle Akinkunmi Paul
- Okonji Osaretin Christabel
- Okwute Patrick Godwin
- Olagunju Andrew T
- Olaiya Muideen Tunbosun
- Olana Matifan Dereje
- Olatubi Matthew Idowu
- Oliveira Gláucia Maria Moraes
- Olufadewa Isaac Iyinoluwa
- Olusanya Bolajoko Olubukunola
- Omar Bali Ahmed
- Ong Kanyin Liane
- Ong Sokking
- Onwujekwe Obinna E
- Ordak Michal
- Orji Aislyn U
- Ortega-Altamirano Doris V
- Osuagwu Uchechukwu Levi
- Otstavnov Nikita
- Otstavnov Stanislav S
- Ouyahia Amel
- Owolabi Mayowa O
- P A Mahesh Padukudru
- Pacheco-Barrios Kevin
- Padubidri Jagadish Rao
- Pal Pramod Kumar
- Palange Padmavali Nanaji
- Palladino Claudia
- Palladino Raffaele
- Palma-Alvarez Raul Felipe
- Pan Feng
- Panagiotakos Demosthenes
- Panda-Jonas Songhomitra
- Pandey Anamika
- Pandey Ashok
- Pandian Jeyaraj Durai
- Pangaribuan Helena Ullyartha
- Pantazopoulos Ioannis
- Pardhan Shahina
- Parija Pragyan Paramita
- Parikh Romil R
- Park Seoyeon
- Parthasarathi Ashwaghosha
- Pashaei Ava
- Patel Jay
- Patil Shankargouda
- Patoulias Dimitrios
- Pawar Shrikant
- Pedersini Paolo
- Pensato Umberto
- Pereira David M
- Pereira Jeevan
- Pereira Maria Odete
- Peres Mario F P
- Perico Norberto
- Perna Simone
- Petcu Ionela-Roxana
- Petermann-Rocha Fanny Emily
- Pham Hoang Tran
- Phillips Michael R
- Pinilla-Monsalve Gabriel D
- Piradov Michael A
- Plotnikov Evgenii
- Poddighe Dimitri
- Polat Burcu
- Poluru Ramesh
- Pond Constance Dimity
- Poudel Govinda Raj
- Pouramini Alireza
- Pourbagher-Shahri Ali Mohammad
- Pourfridoni Mohammad
- Pourtaheri Naeimeh
- Prakash Peralam Yegneswaran
- Prakash Sanjay
- Prakash V
- Prates Elton Junio Sady
- Pritchett Natalie
- Purnobasuki Hery
- Qasim Nameer Hashim
- Qattea Ibrahim
- Qian Gangzhen
- Radhakrishnan Venkatraman
- Raee Pourya
- Raeisi Shahraki Hadi
- Rafique Ibrar
- Raggi Alberto
- Raghav Pankaja Raghav
- Rahati Meghdad M
- Rahim Fakher
- Rahimi Zahra
- Rahimifard Mahban
- Rahman Md Obaidur
- Rahman Mohammad Hifz Ur
- Rahman Mosiur
- Rahman Muhammad Aziz
- Rahmani Youshanlouei Hamed
- Rahmani Amir Masoud
- Rahmani Shayan
- Rahmati Masoud
- Raj Moolambally Sheetal
- Rajabpour-Sanati Ali
- Ramadan Hazem
- Ramasamy Shakthi Kumaran
- Ramasubramani Premkumar
- Ramazanu Sheena
- Rancic Nemanja
- Rao Indu Ramachandra
- Rao Sowmya J
- Rapaka Deepthi
- Rashedi Vahid
- Rashid Ahmed Mustafa
- Rashidi Alavijeh Mehran
- Rashidi Mohammad-Mahdi
- Rasouli-Saravani Ashkan
- Rawaf Salman
- Razo Christian
- Redwan Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed
- Rekabi Bana Atefe
- Remuzzi Giuseppe
- Rezaei Nazila
- Rezaei Negar
- Rezaei Nima
- Rezaeian Mohsen
- Rhee Taeho Gregory
- Riad Abanoub
- Robinson Stephen R
- Rodrigues Mónica
- Rodriguez Jefferson Antonio Buendia
- Roever Leonardo
- Rogowski Emma L B
- Romoli Michele
- Ronfani Luca
- Roy Pramanik Koushik
- Roy Priyanka
- Rubagotti Enrico
- Ruiz Milagros A
- Russ Tom C
- S Sunnerhagen Katharina
- Saad Aly M A
- Saadatian Zahra
- Saber Korosh
- SaberiKamarposhti Morteza
- Sacco Simona
- Saddik Basema
- Sadeghi Erfan
- Sadeghian Saeid
- Saeed Umar
- Saeed Usman
- Safdarian Mahdi
- Safi Sher Zaman
- Sagar Rajesh
- Sagoe Dominic
- Saheb Sharif-Askari Fatemeh
- Saheb Sharif-Askari Narjes
- Sahebkar Amirhossein
- Sahoo Soumya Swaroop
- Sahraian Mohammad Ali
- Sajedi Seyed Aidin
- Sakshaug Joseph W
- Saleh Mohamed A
- Salehi Omran Hossein
- Salem Marwa Rashad
- Salimi Sohrab
- Samadi Kafil Hossein
- Samadzadeh Sara
- Samargandy Saad
- Samodra Yoseph Leonardo
- Samuel Vijaya Paul
- Samy Abdallah M
- Sanadgol Nima
- Sanjeev Rama Krishna
- Sanmarchi Francesco
- Santomauro Damian Francesco
- Santri Ichtiarini Nurullita
- Santric-Milicevic Milena M
- Saravanan Aswini
- Sarveazad Arash
- Satpathy Maheswar
- Saylan Mete
- Sayyah Mehdi
- Scarmeas Nikolaos
- Schiess Nicoline
- Schlaich Markus P
- Schuermans Art
- Schwarzinger Michaël
- Schwebel David C
- Seeher Katrin Maria
- Selvaraj Siddharthan
- Sendekie Ashenafi Kibret
- Sengupta Pallav
- Senthilkumaran Subramanian
- Serban Dragos
- Sergindo Mihretu Tagesse
- Servili Chiara
- Sethi Yashendra
- SeyedAlinaghi SeyedAhmad
- Seylani Allen
- Shabani Mohammad
- Shabany Maryam
- Shafie Mahan
- Shahabi Saeed
- Shahbandi Ataollah
- Shahid Samiah
- Shahraki-Sanavi Fariba
- Shahsavari Hamid R
- Shahwan Moyad Jamal
- Shaikh Masood Ali
- Shaji KS
- Sham Sunder
- Shama Adisu Tafari T
- Shamim Muhammad Aaqib
- Shams-Beyranvand Mehran
- Shamsi Mohammad Anas
- Shanawaz Mohd
- Sharath Medha
- Sharfaei Sadaf
- Sharifan Amin
- Sharma Manoj
- Sharma Rajesh
- Shashamo Bereket Beyene
- Shayan Maryam
- Sheikhi Rahim Ali
- Shekhar Shashank
- Shen Jiabin
- Shenoy Suchitra M
- Shetty Pavanchand H
- Shiferaw Desalegn Shiferaw
- Shigematsu Mika
- Shiri Rahman
- Shittu Aminu
- Shivakumar K M
- Shokri Fereshteh
- Shool Sina
- Shorofi Seyed Afshin
- Shrestha Sunil
- Siankam Tankwanchi Akhenaten Benjamin
- Siddig Emmanuel Edwar
- Sigfusdottir Inga Dora
- Silva João Pedro
- Silva Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues
- Sinaei Ehsan
- Singh Balbir Bagicha
- Singh Garima
- Singh Paramdeep
- Singh Surjit
- Sirota Sarah Brooke
- Sivakumar Shravan
- Sohag Abdullah Al Mamun
- Solanki Ranjan
- Soleimani Hamidreza
- Solikhah Solikhah
- Solomon Yerukneh
- Solomon Yonatan
- Song Suhang
- Song Yimeng
- Sotoudeh Houman
- Spartalis Michael
- Stark Benjamin A
- Starnes Joseph R
- Starodubova Antonina V
- Stein Dan J
- Steiner Timothy J
- Steinmetz Jaimie D
- Stovner Lars Jacob
- Suleman Muhammad
- Suliankatchi Abdulkader Rizwan
- Sultana Abida
- Sun Jing
- Sunkersing David
- Sunny Angel
- Susianti Hani
- Swain Chandan Kumar
- Szeto Mindy D
- Tabarés-Seisdedos Rafael
- Tabatabaei Seyyed Mohammad
- Tabatabai Shima
- Tabish Mohammad
- Taheri Majid
- Tahvildari Azin
- Tajbakhsh Ardeshir
- Tampa Mircea
- Tamuzi Jacques JL Lukenze
- Tan Ker-Kan
- Tang Haosu
- Tareke Minale
- Tarigan Ingan Ukur
- Tat Nathan Y
- Tat Vivian Y
- Tavakoli Oliaee Razieh
- Tavangar Seyed Mohammad
- Tavasol Arian
- Tefera Yibekal Manaye
- Tehrani-Banihashemi Arash
- Temesgen Worku Animaw
- Temsah Mohamad-Hani
- Teramoto Masayuki
- Tesfaye Amensisa Hailu
- Tesfaye Edosa Geta
- Tesler Riki
- Thakali Ocean
- Thangaraju Pugazhenthan
- Thapa Rajshree
- Thapar Rekha
- Thomas Nikhil Kenny
- Thrift Amanda G
- Ticoalu Jansje Henny Vera
- Tillawi Tala
- Toghroli Razie
- Tonelli Marcello
- Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto
- Traini Eugenio
- Tran Nghia Minh
- Tran Ngoc-Ha
- Tran Phu Van
- Tromans Samuel Joseph
- Truelsen Thomas Clement
- Truyen Thien Tan Tri Tai
- Tsatsakis Aristidis
- Tsegay Guesh Mebrahtom
- Tsermpini Evangelia Eirini
- Tualeka Abdul Rohim
- Tufa Derara Girma
- Ubah Chukwudi S
- Udoakang Aniefiok John
- Ulhaq Inam
- Umair Muhammad
- Umakanthan Srikanth
- Umapathi Krishna Kishore
- Unim Brigid
- Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran
- Vaithinathan Asokan Govindaraj
- Vakilian Alireza
- Valadan Tahbaz Sahel
- Valizadeh Rohollah
- Van den Eynde Jef
- Vart Priya
- Varthya Shoban Babu
- Vasankari Tommi Juhani
- Vaziri Siavash
- Vellingiri Balachandar
- Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy
- Verras Georgios-Ioannis
- Vervoort Dominique
- Villafañe Jorge Hugo
- Villani Leonardo
- Vinueza Veloz Andres Fernando
- Viskadourou Maria
- Vladimirov Sergey Konstantinovitch
- Vlassov Vasily
- Volovat Simona Ruxandra
- Vos Theo
- Vu Loc Tri
- Vujcic Isidora S
- Wagaye Birhanu
- Waheed Yasir
- Wahood Waseem
- Walde Mandaras Tariku
- Wang Fang
- Wang Shu
- Wang Yanzhong
- Wang Yuan-Pang
- Waqas Muhammad
- Waris Abdul
- Weerakoon Kosala Gayan
- Weintraub Robert G
- Weldemariam Abrha Hailay
- Westerman Ronny
- Whisnant Joanna L
- Wickramasinghe Dakshitha Praneeth
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Willekens Barbara
- Wilner Lauren B
- Winkler Andrea Sylvia
- Wolfe Charles D A
- Wu Ai-Min
- Wulf Hanson Sarah
- Xu Suowen
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Yadollahpour Ali
- Yaghoubi Sajad
- Yahya Galal
- Yamagishi Kazumasa
- Yang Lin
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yao Yao
- Yehualashet Sisay Shewasinad
- Yeshaneh Alex
- Yesiltepe Metin
- Yi Siyan
- Yiğit Arzu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- You Yuyi
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yusuf Hadiza
- Zadey Siddhesh
- Zahedi Mohammad
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Nazar
- Zali Alireza
- Zamagni Giulia
- Zand Ramin
- Zandieh Ghazal G Z
- Zangiabadian Moein
- Zarghami Amin
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zeariya Mohammed G M
- Zegeye Zelalem Banjaw
- Zeukeng Francis
- Zhai Chunxia
- Zhang Chen
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhao Hanqing
- Zhao Yang
- Zheng Peng
- Zhou Hengxing
- Zhu Bin
- Zhumagaliuly Abzal
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zikarg Yossef Teshome
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Ärnlöv Johan
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/04/2024
- Field of study
BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed
Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c
- Author
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen, M
- Adambekov Shalkar
- Adams Robert, J
- Aekplakorn Wichai
- Agdeppa Imelda, A
- Aghazadeh-Attari Javad
- Aguilar-Salinas Carlos, A
- Agyemang Charles
- Ahmad Noor Ani
- Ahmadi Ali
- Ahmadi Naser
- Ahmadi Nastaran
- Ahmed Soheir, H
- Ajlouni Kamel
- Al Qaoud Nawal, M
- Al-Hinai Halima
- Al-Lahou Badreya
- Al-Lawati Jawad, A
- Alarouj Monira
- Albuhairan Fadia
- Aldhukair Shahla
- Aldwairji Maryam, A
- Ali Mohamed, M
- Alinezhad Farbod
- Alkandari Abdullah
- Alomirah Husam, F
- Aly Eman
- Amarapurkar Deepak, N
- Andersen Lars Bo
- Anderssen Sigmund, A
- Andrade Dolores, S
- Anjana Ranjit Mohan
- Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza
- Aounallah-Skhiri Hajer
- Aris Tahir
- Arlappa Nimmathota
- Aryal Krishna, K
- Asfoor Deena Al
- Assah Felix, K
- Assembekov Batyrbek
- Auvinen Juha
- Avdičová Mária
- Azad Kishwar
- Azimi-Nezhad Mohsen
- Azizi Fereidoun
- Bacopoulou Flora
- Balakrishna Nagalla
- Bamoshmoosh Mohamed
- Banach Maciej
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- Wang Chongjian
- Wang Ningli
- Wang Qian
- Wang Ya Xing
- Wang Ying-Wei
- Wannamethee S. Goya
- Webster-Kerr Karen
- Wedderkopp Niels
- Wei Wenbin
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- Więcek Andrzej
- Wojtyniak Bogdan
- Wong Andrew
- Wong Emily, B
- Woodward Mark
- Wu Frederick, C
- Xu Haiquan
- Xu Liang
- Yaacob Nor Azwany
- Yan Li
- Yan Weili
- Yoosefi Moein
- Yoshihara Akihiro
- Younger-Coleman Novie, O
- Yu Yu-Ling
- Yu Yunjiang
- Yusoff Ahmad Faudzi
- Zainuddin Ahmad, A
- Zamani Farhad
- Zambon Sabina
- Zampelas Antonis
- Zaw Ko Ko
- Zdrojewski Tomasz
- Zeljkovic Vrkic Tajana
- Zeng Yi
- Zhang Zhen-Yu
- Zholdin Bekbolat
- Zhou Bin
- Zimmet Paul
- Zitt Emanuel
- Zoghlami Nada
- Zuñiga Cisneros Julio
- Čapková Naděžda
- Šalaj Sanja
- Publication venue
- Nature Publishing Group
- Publication date
- 09/11/2023
- Field of study
International audienceAbstract Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29–39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance
Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c
- Author
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen M.
- Adambekov Shalkar
- Adams Robert J.
- Aekplakorn Wichai
- Agdeppa Imelda A.
- Aghazadeh-Attari Javad
- Aguilar-Salinas Carlos A.
- Agyemang Charles
- Ahmad Noor Ani
- Ahmadi Ali
- Ahmadi Naser
- Ahmadi Nastaran
- Ahmed Soheir H.
- Ajlouni Kamel
- Al Qaoud Nawal M.
- Al-Hinai Halima
- Al-Lahou Badreya
- Al-Lawati Jawad A.
- Alarouj Monira
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- Viswanathan Bharathi
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- Willeit Peter
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- Więcek Andrzej
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- Wu Frederick C.
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- Xu Liang
- Yaacob Nor Azwany
- Yan Li
- Yan Weili
- Yoosefi Moein
- Yoshihara Akihiro
- Younger-Coleman Novie O.
- Yu Yu-Ling
- Yu Yunjiang
- Yusoff Ahmad Faudzi
- Zainuddin Ahmad A.
- Zamani Farhad
- Zambon Sabina
- Zampelas Antonis
- Zaw Ko Ko
- Zdrojewski Tomasz
- Zeljkovic Vrkic Tajana
- Zeng Yi
- Zhang Zhen-Yu
- Zholdin Bekbolat
- Zhou Bin
- Zimmet Paul
- Zitt Emanuel
- Zoghlami Nada
- Zuñiga Cisneros Julio
- Čapková Naděžda
- Šalaj Sanja
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2023
- Field of study
: Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance
Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Abate Melsew Dagne
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasi-Kangevari Zeinab
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Rabu Rami
- Abdulah Deldar Morad
- Abdullah Abu Yousuf Md
- Abedi Vida
- Abidi Hassan
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Zaid Ahmed
- Adane Denberu Eshetie
- Adane Tigist Demssew
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Adegboye Oyelola A
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adepoju Abiola Victor
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Afolabi Rotimi Felix
- Agarwal Gina
- Aghdam Zahra Babaei
- Agudelo-Botero Marcela
- Aguilera Arriagada Constanza Elizabeth
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Rizwan
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmadi Ali
- Ahmadi Keivan
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Ajami Marjan
- Akinyemi Rufus Olusola
- Al Hamad Hanadi
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- AL-Ahdal Tareq Mohammed Ali
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-Raddadi Rajaa M
- Alalwan Tariq A
- AlBataineh Mohammad T
- Alcalde-Rabanal Jacqueline Elizabeth
- Alemi Sharifullah
- Ali Hassam
- Alinia Tahereh
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Almustanyir Sami
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Amare Firehiwot
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amiri Sohrab
- Amusa Ganiyu Adeniyi
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Anjana Ranjit Mohan
- Ansar Adnan
- Ansari Golnoosh
- Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza
- Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward
- Arabloo Jalal
- Aravkin Aleksandr Y
- Areda Demelash
- Arifin Hidayat
- Arkew Mesay
- Armocida Benedetta
- Artamonov Anton A
- Arulappan Judie
- Aruleba Raphael Taiwo
- Arumugam Ashokan
- Aryan Zahra
- Asemu Mulu Tiruneh
- Asghari-Jafarabadi Mohammad
- Askari Elaheh
- Asmelash Daniel
- Astell-Burt Thomas
- Athar Mohammad
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
- Atout Maha Moh'd Wahbi
- Avila-Burgos Leticia
- Awaisu Ahmed
- Azadnajafabad Sina
- B Darshan B
- Babamohamadi Hassan
- Badar Muhammad
- Badawi Alaa
- Badiye Ashish D
- Baghcheghi Nayereh
- Bagheri Nasser
- Bagherieh Sara
- Bah Sulaiman
- Bahadory Saeed
- Bai Ruhai
- Baig Atif Amin
- Baltatu Ovidiu Constantin
- Baradaran Hamid Reza
- Barchitta Martina
- Bardhan Mainak
- Barengo Noel C
- Barone Mark Thomaz Ugliara
- Barone-Adesi Francesco
- Barrow Amadou
- Bashiri Hamideh
- Basiru Afisu
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- Upadhyay Era
- Vahabi Seyed Mohammad
- Vaithinathan Asokan Govindaraj
- Valizadeh Rohollah
- van Daalen Kim Robin
- Vart Priya
- Varthya Shoban Babu
- Vasankari Tommi Juhani
- Vaziri Siavash
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- Verras Georgios-Ioannis
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- Vollset Stein Emil
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- Wagaye Birhanu
- Waheed Yasir
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- Wang Fang
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- Weldemariam Abrha Hailay
- Westerman Ronny
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- Wu YiFan
- Wulandari Ratna DWI
- Xia Juan
- Xiao Hong
- Xu Suowen
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Yada Dereje Y
- Yang Lin
- Yatsuya Hiroshi
- Yesiltepe Metin
- Yi Siyan
- Yohannis Hunachew Kibret
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- You Yuyi
- Zaman Sojib Bin
- Zamora Nelson
- Zare Iman
- Zarea Kourosh
- Zarrintan Armin
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zeru Naod Gebrekrstos
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhou Jingjing
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zikarg Yossef Teshome
- Zodpey Sanjay
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Zou Zhiyong
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zuniga Yves Miel H
- Ärnlöv Johan
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2023
- Field of study
Background: Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. Methods: Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined; these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims; type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the risk-attributable type 2 diabetes burden for 16 risk factors falling under risk categories including environmental and occupational factors, tobacco use, high alcohol use, high body-mass index (BMI), dietary factors, and low physical activity. Using a regression framework, we forecast type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence through 2050 with Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and high BMI as predictors, respectively. Findings: In 2021, there were 529 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 500-564) people living with diabetes worldwide, and the global age-standardised total diabetes prevalence was 6·1% (5·8-6·5). At the super-region level, the highest age-standardised rates were observed in north Africa and the Middle East (9·3% [8·7-9·9]) and, at the regional level, in Oceania (12·3% [11·5-13·0]). Nationally, Qatar had the world's highest age-specific prevalence of diabetes, at 76·1% (73·1-79·5) in individuals aged 75-79 years. Total diabetes prevalence-especially among older adults-primarily reflects type 2 diabetes, which in 2021 accounted for 96·0% (95·1-96·8) of diabetes cases and 95·4% (94·9-95·9) of diabetes DALYs worldwide. In 2021, 52·2% (25·5-71·8) of global type 2 diabetes DALYs were attributable to high BMI. The contribution of high BMI to type 2 diabetes DALYs rose by 24·3% (18·5-30·4) worldwide between 1990 and 2021. By 2050, more than 1·31 billion (1·22-1·39) people are projected to have diabetes, with expected age-standardised total diabetes prevalence rates greater than 10% in two super-regions: 16·8% (16·1-17·6) in north Africa and the Middle East and 11·3% (10·8-11·9) in Latin America and Caribbean. By 2050, 89 (43·6%) of 204 countries and territories will have an age-standardised rate greater than 10%. Interpretation: Diabetes remains a substantial public health issue. Type 2 diabetes, which makes up the bulk of diabetes cases, is largely preventable and, in some cases, potentially reversible if identified and managed early in the disease course. However, all evidence indicates that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, primarily due to a rise in obesity caused by multiple factors. Preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes remains an ongoing challenge. It is essential to better understand disparities in risk factor profiles and diabetes burden across populations, to inform strategies to successfully control diabetes risk factors within the context of multiple and complex drivers. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c
- Author
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen M.
- Adambekov Shalkar
- Adams Robert J.
- Aekplakorn Wichai
- Agdeppa Imelda A.
- Aghazadeh-Attari Javad
- Aguilar-Salinas Carlos A.
- Agyemang Charles
- Ahmad Noor Ani
- Ahmadi Ali
- Ahmadi Naser
- Ahmadi Nastaran
- Ahmed Soheir H.
- Ajlouni Kamel
- Al Asfoor Deena
- Al Nsour Mohannad
- Al Qaoud Nawal M.
- Al-Hinai Halima
- Al-Lahou Badreya
- Al-Lawati Jawad A.
- Alarouj Monira
- AlBuhairan Fadia
- AlDhukair Shahla
- Aldwairji Maryam A.
- Ali Mohamed M.
- Alinezhad Farbod
- Alkandari Abdullah
- Alomirah Husam F.
- Aly Eman
- Amarapurkar Deepak N.
- Andersen Lars Bo
- Anderssen Sigmund A.
- Andrade Dolores S.
- Anjana Ranjit Mohan
- Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza
- Aounallah-Skhiri Hajer
- Aris Tahir
- Arlappa Nimmathota
- Aryal Krishna K.
- Assah Felix K.
- Assembekov Batyrbek
- Auvinen Juha
- Avdicova Maria
- Azad Kishwar
- Azimi-Nezhad Mohsen
- Azizi Fereidoun
- Bacopoulou Flora
- Balakrishna Nagalla
- Bamoshmoosh Mohamed
- Banach Maciej
- Bandosz Piotr
- Banegas Jose R.
- Barbagallo Carlo M.
- Barcelo Alberto
- Baretic Maja
- Barrera Lena
- Basit Abdul
- Batieha Anwar M.
- Batista Aline P.
- Baur Louise A.
- Bebakar Wan Mohamad Wan
- Belavendra Antonisamy
- Ben Romdhane Habiba
- Ben Schottker
- Benchekor Sounnia Mediene
- Benet Mikhail
- Bennett James E.
- Berkinbayev Salim
- Bernabe-Ortiz Antonio
- Berrios Carrasola Ximena
- Bettiol Heloisa
- Beybey Augustin F.
- Bhargava Santosh K.
- Bikbov Mukharram M.
- Bista Bihungum
- Bjerregaard Peter
- Bjertness Espen
- Bjertness Marius B.
- Bjorkelund Cecilia
- Bloch Katia, V
- Blokstra Anneke
- Bo Simona
- Bobak Martin
- Boggia Jose G.
- Bonaccio Marialaura
- Bonilla-Vargas Alice
- Borghs Herman
- Bovet Pascal
- Brajkovich Imperia
- Brenner Hermann
- Brewster Lizzy M.
- Brian Garry R.
- Briceno Yajaira
- Brito Miguel
- Bugge Anna
- Buntinx Frank
- Cabrera de Leon Antonio
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- Mathiesen Ellisiv B.
- Matsha Tandi E.
- Mbanya Jean Claude N.
- Mc Donald Posso Anselmo J.
- McFarlane Shelly R.
- McGarvey Stephen T.
- Mehlig Kirsten
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- van Valkengoed Irene G. M.
- van Zutphen Elisabeth M.
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