Shelf Life Of Yellow Hake: Determinant Factors For Safe Consumption

The quality of fish is affected by various factors such as, source species, freshness, and storage conditions. In free markets, exposure and handling of fish are intense, and often it is not known the origin and date of capture. The aim this work was study physicochemical, microbiological and sensory parameters to determine the shelf life of Yellow Hake sold in street markets in the city of Santos-SP. Samples were acquired in street markets from different districts of the city and stored in a domestic refrigerator for 72 hours. And it was found that the Yellow Hake acquired on open street markets in the city of Santos-SP should be for immediate consumption. The changes are noticeable deterioration after 24 hours of storage. The results reinforce the importance of the implementation of quality programs in all sectors of sale to ensure food safety for consumers.1017418

Variation in growth and defence traits among plant populations at different elevations: Implications for adaptation to climate change

Alpine plants occurring at high elevation are vulnerable to ongoing climate change, yet relatively little is known about the potential for high-elevation species to adapt to changing environmental conditions. In particular, the extent to which high-elevation plants will be able to resist predicted increases in the intensity of biotic interactions, such as herbivory, remains unclear. Species distributed across broad elevational ranges provide an opportunity to investigate evolutionary mechanisms and traits involved in adaptation to varying abiotic and biotic environments. This study focused on the perennial alpine plant Arabis alpina and combined field surveys and climate chamber experiments to test for intraspecific genetic divergence in traits related to growth and defence against herbivores. We screened multiple populations from low, intermediate and high elevations across a broad geographic area, characterising differences in growth form, leaf structural traits, palatability for herbivores and defensive chemistry. We then quantified the proportion of variation explained by elevation and population-level effects. Our results document within-species genetic divergence in multiple traits relevant for adaptation to the different abiotic and biotic pressures experienced at low and high elevations. Rates of herbivore damage declined with increasing elevation in the field, but plants from high- and intermediate-elevation populations were generally more palatable for specialist herbivores than those from low-elevation populations in feeding assays. Elevational clines were also observed in several glucosinolate defence compounds, and leaf herbivory more strongly induced glucosinolates in plants from high-elevation populations than in those from low-elevation populations. Leaf trichome density and growth form also diverged among populations contributing to growth–defence phenotypes associated with different elevations. However, populations from similar elevations often differed significantly in both growth- and defence-related traits, with trait variation often better explained by population-level effects than by elevation alone. Synthesis. Arabis alpina exhibits patterns of genetic variation in growth and defence traits consistent with adaptation to different elevations. However, populations from similar elevations also diverge in many of these ecologically relevant traits. Together, the extent of the observed trait variation suggests that this alpine species has considerable potential to adapt to a changing biotic environment

Experimental warming increases the vulnerability of high‐elevation plant populations to a specialist herbivore

Ongoing climate change may impact alpine plant populations via both direct effects of increased temperature and climate-driven changes in interactions between plants and other organisms, such as insect herbivores. Rates of herbivory in high-elevation environments are predicted to increase with warmer temperatures, which may also lead to changes in morphological and physiological traits that influence plant resistance. Yet, we currently know little about how temperature-mediated changes in traits will impact alpine plant vulnerability to herbivores, as well as the extent to which populations from high-elevation environments might need to rapidly adapt to increasing herbivore pressure with rising temperatures. We assessed the effect of experimental warming on the relative vulnerability of populations of the alpine plant Arabis alpina from different elevations to a specialist herbivore. Herbivore performance was measured on plants from nine populations grown in climate chambers at two temperatures, representing low (warm) and high (cold) elevations. We also measured changes in putative drivers of performance: plant phenological, chemical and defence traits. Assuming populations would be adapted to local climates and levels of herbivory, we predicted that low-elevation populations would be more resistant to herbivores under warmer temperatures than high-elevation populations. We found reduced performance of a specialist herbivore on A. alpina grown under warm rather than cold conditions, though this effect varied with elevation. Larvae grew faster on high-elevation populations than low-elevation populations when grown under warm temperatures, whereas similar growth rates were observed for plants grown under colder temperatures, consistent with plant adaptation to the lower existing herbivore pressure in cold, high-elevation environments. Regression analyses suggested that polar metabolite variation explained more variance in larval performance than changes in defensive glucosinolates or morphological traits. Our results suggest that although physiological responses to warming may increase the resistance of cold-adapted plants to herbivory, populations from different elevations may differ in their interactions with herbivores under climate warming. Without genetic adaptation, existing physiological responses of high-elevation populations to warmer temperatures may leave these populations vulnerable to the increases in herbivore pressure predicted under climate change

Altered thymic differentiation and modulation of arthritis by invariant NKT cells expressing mutant ZAP70

Various subsets of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells with different cytokine productions develop in the mouse thymus, but the factors driving their differentiation remain unclear. Here we show that hypomorphic alleles of Zap70 or chemical inhibition of Zap70 catalysis leads to an increase of IFN-gamma-producing iNKT cells (NKT1 cells), suggesting that NKT1 cells may require a lower TCR signal threshold. Zap70 mutant mice develop IL-17-dependent arthritis. In a mouse experimental arthritis model, NKT17 cells are increased as the disease progresses, while NKT1 numbers negatively correlates with disease severity, with this protective effect of NKT1 linked to their IFN-gamma expression. NKT1 cells are also present in the synovial fluid of arthritis patients. Our data therefore suggest that TCR signal strength during thymic differentiation may influence not only IFN-gamma production, but also the protective function of iNKT cells in arthritis

Plant volatiles induced by herbivore eggs prime defences and mediate shifts in the reproductive strategy of receiving plants

Plants can detect cues associated with the risk of future herbivory and modify defence phenotypes accordingly; however, our current understanding is limited both with respect to the range of early warning cues to which plants respond and the nature of the responses. Here we report that exposure to volatile emissions from plant tissues infested with herbivore eggs promotes stronger defence responses to subsequent herbivory in two Brassica species. Furthermore, exposure to these volatile cues elicited an apparent shift from growth to reproduction in Brassica nigra, with exposed plants exhibiting increased flower and seed production, but reduced leaf production, relative to unexposed controls. Our results thus document plant defence priming in response to a novel environmental cue, oviposition-induced plant volatiles, while also showing that plant responses to early warning cues can include changes in both defence and life-history traits.</p

The Taylor expansion of the exponential map and geometric applications

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13398-013-0149-zIn this work we consider the Taylor expansion of the exponential map of a submanifold immersed in Rn up to order three, in order to introduce the concepts of lateral and frontal deviation. We compute the directions of extreme lateral and frontal deviation for surfaces in R3. Also we compute, by using the Taylor expansion, the directions of high contact with hyperspheres of a surface immersed in R4 and the asymptotic directions of a surface immersed in RnThis work was partially supported by DGCYT grant no. MTM2009-08933.Monera, M.; Montesinos Amilibia, Á.; Sanabria Codesal, E. (2014). The Taylor expansion of the exponential map and geometric applications. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Serie A: Matemáticas (RACSAM). 108(2):881-906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-013-0149-zS8819061082Arnol’d, V.I., Gusein-zade, V.I., Varchenko, A.N.: Singularities of Differentiable Maps. Monographs in Mathematics, vol. 82. Birkhäuser, Boston (1985)Chen, B.-Y., Li, S.-J.: The contact number of a Euclidean submanifold. Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. 47, 69–100 (2004)Fessler, W.: $$\ddot{U}$$ U ¨ ber die normaltorsion von Fl $$\ddot{a}$$ a ¨ chen im vierdimensionalen euklidischen. Raum. Comm. Math. Helv. 33(2), 89–108 (1959)García, R., Sotomayor, J.: Geometric mean curvature lines on surfaces immersed in $$\mathbb{R}^3$$ R 3 . Annales de la faculté des sciences de Toulouse, $$6^e$$ 6 e ser, vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 377–401 (2002)García, R., Sotomayor, J.: Lines of axial curvature on surfaces immersed in $$R^4$$ R 4 . Differ. Geom. Appl. 12, 253–269 (2000)Golubitsky, M., Gillemin, V.: Stable Mappings and their Singularities. Springer, Berlin (1973)Hartmann, F., Hanzen, R.: Apollonius’s Ellipse and Evolute Revisited–The Discriminant of the Related Quartic. http://www3.villanova.edu/maple/misc/ellipse/Apollonius2004.pdfLlibre, J., Yanquian, Y.: On the dynamics of surface vector fields and homeomofphisms (preprint)Looijenga, E.J.N.: Structural stability of smooth families of $$C^{\infty }$$ C ∞ -functions. University of Amsterdam, Doctoral Thesis (1974)Mochida, D.K.H., Romero-Fuster, M.C., Ruas, M.A.S.: Inflection points and nonsingular embeddings of surfaces in $$\mathbb{R}^5$$ R 5 . Rocky Mt. J. Math. 33, 3 (2003)Mochida, D.K.H., Romero-Fuster, M.C., Ruas, M.A.S.: Osculating hyperplanes and asymptotic directions of codimension two submanifolds of Euclidean spaces. Geom. Dedicata 77(3), 305–315 (1999)Mochida, D.K.H., Romero Fuster, M.C., Ruas, M.A.S.: The geometry of surfaces in 4-space from a contact viewpoint. Geom. Dedicata 54, 323–332 (1995)Monera, G.M., Montesinos-Amilibia, A., Moraes, S.M., Sanabria-Codesal, E.: Critical points of higher order for the normal map of immersions in $$\mathbb{R}^d$$ R d . Topol. Appl. 159, 537–544 (2012)Montaldi, J.A.: Contact with application to submanifolds, PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool (1983)Montaldi, J.A.: On contact between submanifolds. Michigan Math. J. 33, 195–199 (1986)Montesinos-Amilibia, A.: Parametricas4, computer program freely available from http://www.uv.es/montesinMontesinos-Amilibia, A.: Parametricas5, computer program freely available from http://www.uv.es/montesinMoraes, S., Romero-Fuster, M.C., Sánchez-Bringas, F.: Principal configurations and umbilicity of submanifolds in $$I\!\! R^n$$ I R n . Bull. Bel. Math. Soc. 10, 227–245 (2003)Porteous, I.R.: The normal singularities of a submanifold. J. Differ. Geom. 5, 543–564 (1971)Romero-Fuster, M.C., Ruas, M.A.S., Tari, F.: Asymptotic curves on surfaces in $$R^5$$ R 5 . Commun. Contemp. Math. 10, 309–335 (2008)Romero-Fuster, M.C., Sánchez-Bringas, F.: Umbilicity of surfaces with orthogonal asymptotiv lines in $$R^4$$ R 4 . Differ. Geom. Appl. 16, 213–224 (2002)Tari, F.: On pairs of geometric foliations on a cross-cap. Tohoku Math. J. 59(2), 233–258 (2007

Genome of the Avirulent Human-Infective Trypanosome—Trypanosoma rangeli

Background: Trypanosoma rangeli is a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite infecting humans and other wild and domestic mammals across Central and South America. It does not cause human disease, but it can be mistaken for the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi. We have sequenced the T. rangeli genome to provide new tools for elucidating the distinct and intriguing biology of this species and the key pathways related to interaction with its arthropod and mammalian hosts.  Methodology/Principal Findings: The T. rangeli haploid genome is ,24 Mb in length, and is the smallest and least repetitive trypanosomatid genome sequenced thus far. This parasite genome has shorter subtelomeric sequences compared to those of T. cruzi and T. brucei; displays intraspecific karyotype variability and lacks minichromosomes. Of the predicted 7,613 protein coding sequences, functional annotations could be determined for 2,415, while 5,043 are hypothetical proteins, some with evidence of protein expression. 7,101 genes (93%) are shared with other trypanosomatids that infect humans. An ortholog of the dcl2 gene involved in the T. brucei RNAi pathway was found in T. rangeli, but the RNAi machinery is non-functional since the other genes in this pathway are pseudogenized. T. rangeli is highly susceptible to oxidative stress, a phenotype that may be explained by a smaller number of anti-oxidant defense enzymes and heatshock proteins.  Conclusions/Significance: Phylogenetic comparison of nuclear and mitochondrial genes indicates that T. rangeli and T. cruzi are equidistant from T. brucei. In addition to revealing new aspects of trypanosome co-evolution within the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, comparative genomic analysis with pathogenic trypanosomatids provides valuable new information that can be further explored with the aim of developing better diagnostic tools and/or therapeutic targets