Los determinantes de la inversión privada en I+D: un paso más en el camino infinito hacia el conocimiento, el quién y el dónde sí importan

R&D investment is a key factor in this competitive world. The analysis of its determinants may help us to achieve a better efficiency in our R&D efforts. In this paper we analyze, among previous literature, some R&D private investment modulators departing from their intrinsic characteristics and finishing approaching a new breakthrough materialized in two never before worldly studied determinants, the specific sort of shareholder (either reference shareholder either minority shareholder) and the legal protection offered to the investor by the country in which the company is stabilized.La inversión en I+D es un factor clave en el mundo competitivo en el que vivimos. El estudio de sus determinantes nos ayudará a lograr una mayor eficiencia de los esfuerzos dedicados a la innovación. En este documento de trabajo analizamos, a través de un repaso a la literatura académica existente, algunos de los modeladores fundamentales de la inversión privada en I+D partiendo de sus características intrínsecas para acabar aportando un nuevo avance materializado en dos determinantes concretos hasta ahora no estudiados en profundidad a nivel mundial, el tipo específico de accionista (tanto si es de referencia como si es minoritario) y la protección legal que ofrece al inversor las leyes del país en el que está ubicada la empresa canalizadora de la inversión innovadora

Sistema endokannabinoideak emearen ugal-fisiologia modulatzen du

Sistema kannabinideak ugal-sistemaren prozesu desberdinetan parte hartzen du, eta jakina da kannabinoide exogenoen kontsumo kroniko sistemikoa kaltegarria dela ugalketa-prozesuetarako; sistema endokannabinoidean izan daitezkeen gabeziak, halaber, ez dira mesedegarriak. Frogatu da sistema endokannabinoidearen edozein osagairen aktibazioak edo eraldaketek eragina izan dezaketela ugalketaren fase desberdinen erregulazioan eta bizitza berri baten hasiera arriskuan jar dezaketela. Horregatik, kannabinoideen erabilera lagungarria izan liteke, antzutasunaren diagnostikoan biomarkatzaile posible gisa edota praktika klinikoan tratatzeko itu terapeutiko posible bezala.; The cannabinoid system is involved in many aspects of reproduction and it is known that the systemic chronic use of exogenous CBs is deleterious to reproductive processes. However, possible deficiencies in the endocannabinoid system are also harmful. Therefore, both CB under and overexposure could affect the regulation of the different phases of reproduction and endanger the start of a new life. Hence, the use of cannabinoids as a possible biomarker in the diagnosis of sterility or as a possible therapeutic target in clinical practice has begun to be studied

A 5LCHB Inverter for PV transformerless applications with reduced leakage ground current

Transformerless inverters for photovoltaic systems are widely used as it features low cost, volume, and weight. Thus, in recent years, its study has been of great interest to the research community. In this paper a transformerless cascade multilevel inverter for photovoltaic applications with leakage ground current compensation capability is presented. The proposed solution involves a second-order LC output filter with a particular connection, which is referred to as the DC-link-tied LC output filter. This solution is aimed to deal with the leakage-ground current issue, regardless of the considered PWM strategy. The mathematical model of the system involving such a particular LC output passive filter configuration is presented, out of which, both the differential-mode and the common-mode models are obtained. These models are used to explain the leakage-ground current improvement of the proposed DC-link-tied LC output filter. This hardware solution is evaluated under different modulation schemes to contrast the converter output response and the leakage-ground current performance. Finally, simulation and experimental results are performed using a 1 kW academic prototype to assess the performance of the proposed DC-link-tied LC output filter used in a transformerless inverter application.Peer ReviewedObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No ContaminantObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats SosteniblesPostprint (published version

Configurations of capacity for change in entrepreneurial threshold firms: imprinting and strategic choice perspectives

Imprinting theory suggests that founding conditions are 'stamped' on organizations, and these imprinted routines often resist change. In contrast, strategic choice theory suggests that the firm can overcome organizational inertia and deliberately choose its future. Both theories offer dramatically different explanations behind an organization's capacity for change. IPO firms provide a unique context for exploring how imprinting forces interact with strategic choice factors to address organizational capacity for change as a firm moves from private to public firm status. Juxtaposing imprinting and strategic choice perspectives, we employ fuzzy set to examine the multi-level determinants of organizational capacity for change. Our cross-national data reveals three effective configurations of organizational capacity for change within IPOs, and two ineffective configurations. Our results suggest that the antecedents of organizational capacity for change in entrepreneurial threshold firms are nonlinear, interdependent, and equifinal

Tetrodotoxin as a Tool to Elucidate Sensory Transduction Mechanisms: The Case for the Arterial Chemoreceptors of the Carotid Body

Carotid bodies (CBs) are secondary sensory receptors in which the sensing elements, chemoreceptor cells, are activated by decreases in arterial PO2 (hypoxic hypoxia). Upon activation, chemoreceptor cells (also known as Type I and glomus cells) increase their rate of release of neurotransmitters that drive the sensory activity in the carotid sinus nerve (CSN) which ends in the brain stem where reflex responses are coordinated. When challenged with hypoxic hypoxia, the physiopathologically most relevant stimulus to the CBs, they are activated and initiate ventilatory and cardiocirculatory reflexes. Reflex increase in minute volume ventilation promotes CO2 removal from alveoli and a decrease in alveolar PCO2 ensues. Reduced alveolar PCO2 makes possible alveolar and arterial PO2 to increase minimizing the intensity of hypoxia. The ventilatory effect, in conjunction the cardiocirculatory components of the CB chemoreflex, tend to maintain an adequate supply of oxygen to the tissues. The CB has been the focus of attention since the discovery of its nature as a sensory organ by de Castro (1928) and the discovery of its function as the origin of ventilatory reflexes by Heymans group (1930). A great deal of effort has been focused on the study of the mechanisms involved in O2 detection. This review is devoted to this topic, mechanisms of oxygen sensing. Starting from a summary of the main theories evolving through the years, we will emphasize the nature and significance of the findings obtained with veratridine and tetrodotoxin (TTX) in the genesis of current models of O2-sensing

Head-and-neck paragangliomas are associated with sleep-related complaints, especially in the presence of carotid body tumors

Item does not contain fulltextOBJECTIVES: The carotid body functions as a chemoreceptor. We hypothesized that head-and-neck paragangliomas (HNP) may disturb the function of these peripheral chemoreceptors and play a role in sleep-disordered breathing. DESIGN: This is a case-control study. SETTING: This study was conducted in a tertiary referral center. PARTICIPANTS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We assessed fatigue, sleep, and exercise capacity in 74 HNP patients using three questionnaires (Epworth Sleepiness Scale, St. George Respiratory Questionnaire, and a standard clinical sleep assessment questionnaire). Outcomes were compared to those of age- and sex-matched controls. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Activity, disturbance of psychosocial function, and total score were worse compared to controls (15.4 +/- 18.5 vs. 7.2 +/- 9.9, P = 0.007; 5.3 +/- 10.5 vs. 1.2 +/- 2.6, P = 0.008; and 10.4 +/- 12.9 vs. 5.0 +/- 4.8, P = 0.006, respectively). Patients reported more daytime fatigue, concentration difficulties, and depression (51% vs. 24%, P = 0.006; 31% vs. 10%, P = 0.010; and 19% vs. 2%, P = 0.012). Waking up was reported to be less refreshing in HNP patients (53% vs. 73%, P = 0.038). Dysphonia was a predictor of symptoms, activity, disturbance of psychosocial function, and total scores. Remarkably, the presence of a carotid body tumor was an independent predictor of increased daytime sleepiness (beta = 0.287, P = 0.029). In conclusion, patients with HNP have remarkable sleep-related complaints. Especially the presence of carotid body tumors appears to be associated with increased daytime somnolence.1 juni 201

Construction, assembly and tests of the ATLAS electromagnetic end-cap calorimeters

The construction and the assembly of the two end-caps of the ATLAS liquid argon electromagnetic calorimeter as well as their test and qualification programs are described. The work described here started at the beginning of 2001 and lasted for approximately three years. The results of the qualification tests performed before installation in the LHC ATLAS pit are given. The detectors are now installed in the ATLAS cavern, full of liquid argon and being commissioned. The complete detectors coverage is powered with high voltage and readout