Planck intermediate results X : Physics of the hot gas in the Coma cluster

Peer reviewe

On the mechanisms governing gas penetration into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection

A new 1D radial fluid code, IMAGINE, is used to simulate the penetration of gas into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection (MGI). The main result is that the gas is in general strongly braked as it reaches the plasma, due to mechanisms related to charge exchange and (to a smaller extent) recombination. As a result, only a fraction of the gas penetrates into the plasma. Also, a shock wave is created in the gas which propagates away from the plasma, braking and compressing the incoming gas. Simulation results are quantitatively consistent, at least in terms of orders of magnitude, with experimental data for a D 2 MGI into a JET Ohmic plasma. Simulations of MGI into the background plasma surrounding a runaway electron beam show that if the background electron density is too high, the gas may not penetrate, suggesting a possible explanation for the recent results of Reux et al in JET (2015 Nucl. Fusion 55 093013)

On the Mechanism of the Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective 1,4-Addition of Grignard Reagents to α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds

The mechanism of the enantioselective 1,4-addition of Grignard reagents to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds promoted by copper complexes of chiral ferrocenyl diphosphines is explored through kinetic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical analysis. On the basis of these studies, a structure of the active catalyst is proposed. The roles of the solvent, copper halide, and the Grignard reagent have been examined. Kinetic studies support a reductive elimination as the rate-limiting step in which the chiral catalyst, the substrate, and the Grignard reagent are involved. The thermodynamic activation parameters were determined from the temperature dependence of the reaction rate. The putative active species and the catalytic cycle of the reaction are discussed.

Safety and efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB 42150 as a silage additive for all animal species

The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a specific strain of Lactobacillus plantarum when used as a technological additive intended to improve ensiling at a proposed application rate of 1 9 108 colony forming unit (CFU)/kg fresh material. L. plantarum is considered by EFSA to be suitable for the qualified presumption of safety approach to safety assessment and not to require specific demonstration of safety other than demonstrating the absence of resistance to antibiotics of human and veterinary significance. As the identity of the strain was clearly established and as no antibiotic resistance was detected, the use of the strain in the production of silage is presumed safe for livestock species, consumers of products from animals fed treated silage and the environment. In the absence of data, no conclusion can be drawn on the skin and eye irritancy or skin sensitisation of the additive. The additive should be considered as a potential respiratory sensitiser. Five studies with laboratory-scale silos were made using forage of differing water-soluble carbohydrate content. Replicate silos containing forages treated at the proposed application rate were compared to identical silos containing the same but untreated forage. In addition, in four studies, formic acid was included as positive control. The mini-silos were then stored for 90\u2013103 days at 20\u201324\ub0C. After opening, the contents of the silos were analysed. Results showed that this strain of L. plantarum has the potential to improve the production of silage from easy, moderately difficult and difficult to ensile forage species by increasing the production of lactic acid, reducing the pH and increasing the preservation of dry matter when used at an application rate of 1 9 108 CFU/kg

Planck Intermediate Results II: Comparison of Sunyaev–Zeldovich measurements from Planck and from the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager for 11 galaxy clusters

A comparison is presented of Sunyaev–Zeldovich measurements for 11 galaxy clusters as obtained by Planck and by the ground-based interferom- eter, the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager. Assuming a universal spherically-symmetric Generalised Navarro, Frenk & White (GNFW) model for the cluster gas pressure profile, we jointly constrain the integrated Compton-Y parameter (Y500) and the scale radius (θ500) of each cluster. Our resulting constraints in the Y500 − θ500 2D parameter space derived from the two instruments overlap significantly for eight of the clusters, although, overall, there is a tendency for AMI to find the Sunyaev–Zeldovich signal to be smaller in angular size and fainter than Planck. Significant discrepancies exist for the three remaining clusters in the sample, namely A1413, A1914, and the newly-discovered Planck cluster PLCKESZ G139.59+24.18. The robustness of the analysis of both the Planck and AMI data is demonstrated through the use of detailed simulations, which also discount confusion from residual point (radio) sources and from diffuse astrophysical foregrounds as possible explanations for the discrepancies found. For a subset of our cluster sample, we have investigated the dependence of our results on the assumed pressure profile by repeating the analysis adopting the best-fitting GNFW profile shape which best matches X-ray observations. Adopting the best-fitting profile shape from the X-ray data does not, in general, resolve the discrepancies found in this subset of five clusters. Though based on a small sample, our results suggest that the adopted GNFW model may not be sufficiently flexible to describe clusters universally

Planck intermediate results I : Further validation of new Planck clusters with XMM-Newton

Peer reviewe

Safety and efficacy of Lavipan® (Lactococcus lactis B/00039, Carnobacterium divergens KKP 2012p, Lactobacillus casei B/00080, Lactobacillus plantarum B/00081 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae KKP 2059p) for weaned piglets, chickens for fattening and turkeys for fattening

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Lavipan\uae (Lactococcus lactis B/00039, Carnobacterium divergens KKP 2012p, Lactobacillus casei B/00080, Lactobacillus plantarum B/00081 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae KKP 2059p) when used as a zootechnical additive for weaned piglets, chickens and turkeys for fattening at the minimum dose of 5 x 108 colony forming unit (CFU) lactic acid bacteria (LAB)/kg feed and 5 x 106 CFU S. cerevisiae/kg feed. The species Lc. lactis, C. divergens, Lb. casei, Lb. plantarum and S. cerevisiae are considered by EFSA to be suitable for the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach to safety assessment and not to require specific demonstration of safety other than demonstrating the absence of resistance to antibiotics of human and veterinary significance. The identity of all strains has been established and no antibiotic resistance of concern detected. Following the QPS approach to safety assessment, these strains are presumed safe for the target species, consumers of products from animals fed the additive and the environment. Lavipan\uae is not toxic by inhalation or a dermal/ocular irritant, but should be considered as a potential respiratory sensitiser. In the absence of data, no conclusion can be drawn on the skin sensitisation potential. Lavipan\uae has the potential to improve the performance of chickens for fattening when supplemented at the recommended dose of 5 x 108 CFU LAB/kg feed and 5 x 106 CFU S. cerevisiae/kg feed. No conclusions can be drawn on the efficacy of Lavipan\uae when added to feed for weaned piglets or turkeys for fattening. Lavipan\uae is compatible with diclazuril, salinomycin sodium, decoquinate, maduramicin and narasin+nicarbazin

Safety and efficacy of iron oxide black, red and yellow for all animal species

Iron oxides black, red and yellow are intended to be used as colourings to add and restore colour to feedingstuffs at a recommended concentration between 500 and 1,200 mg/kg. No data on the tolerance of target animals were provided. The iron oxides black, red and yellow are excreted essentially unchanged in the faeces of the target animals. Iron absorption from these water insoluble iron oxides is low. However, no conclusion on the safety of the iron oxides under assessment for the target animals could be made as a sufficient biological and toxicological database, particularly genotoxicity data, was not available. The use of the iron oxides in animal nutrition is unlikely to result in a direct exposure of the consumer and would not influence the iron content of edible tissues and products from animals treated with iron oxides. Consequently, the supplementation of feed for food-producing animals with the iron oxides under assessment would not provide a risk to consumers. Iron oxide black, red and yellow should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes. In the absence of any information, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed FEEDAP cannot conclude on the potential of the additives to be a skin sensitiser. As the inhalation of iron oxides could cause unspecific lung inflammation, inhalation exposure of users should be considered to be a hazard. As there is concern about the possible genotoxicity of iron oxides, any route of exposure should be considered as hazardous. The use of iron oxide black, red and yellow in animal nutrition does not pose a risk to the environment. The iron oxides are effective in colouring feedingstuffs

Safety and efficacy of aromatic ketones, secondary alcohols and related esters belonging to chemical group 21 when used as flavourings for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of 10 compounds belonging to chemical group 21 (aromatic ketones, secondary alcohols and related esters). They are currently authorised as flavours in food. This opinion concerns eight compounds from this group. The FEEDAP Panel established the following conclusions: 4-(4- hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-one [07.055] is safe at 25 mg/kg complete feed for all target species except chickens for fattening, laying hens and cats, for which 5 mg/kg is considered safe; acetophenone [07.004] at 25 mg/kg for salmonids, veal calves and dogs, and at 5 mg/kg for the remaining target species (4.4 mg/kg for cats); vanillyl acetone [07.005] and 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-butan-2-one [07.029] at 5 mg/kg for all target species; 1-phenylethan-1-ol [02.064], 4-methylacetophenone [07.022], 4-methoxyacetophenone [07.038] and 1-phenethyl acetate [09.178] at 5 mg/kg for all species, except cats for which 1 mg/kg is considered safe. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of these compounds up to the highest proposed level in feeds. Hazards for skin and eye contact and respiratory exposure are recognised for the majority of the compounds under application. Most are classified as irritating to the respiratory system. The proposed maximum use levels in feed are unlikely to have detrimental effects on the terrestrial and fresh water environments, with the exceptions of 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-one [07.029] and 1-phenethyl acetate [09.178] for which the normal use levels are considered safe. For 1-phenylethan-1-ol [02.064], it was not possible to reach a conclusion on the safety for the terrestrial compartment. Because all the compounds under assessment are used in food as flavourings, and their function in feed is essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy is necessary

Safety of l‐tryptophan produced by fermentation with Escherichia coli CGMCC 7.59 for all animal species based on a dossier submitted by Feedway Europe NV

L-Tryptophan is a feed additive produced by fermentation using a genetically modified strain of Escherichia coli. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP Panel) issued an opinion on the safety and efficacy of the product, which concluded that \u2018The use of L-tryptophan produced by E. coli CGMCC 7.59 in feed is safe for non-ruminant target species when supplemented to diets in appropriate amounts. As the metabolites of L-tryptophan produced by ruminal bacteria may be toxic to the host animal, oral administration of unprotected L-tryptophan to ruminants should be avoided. The Panel on Additives and Products or substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) has concerns about the safety of L-tryptophan for target species when administered via water for drinking... ...In the absence of any data on sensitisation, the product should be considered a potential dermal sensitiser. The level of endotoxins present in the product and its dusting potential indicate a health risk for the user upon inhalation\u2019. The European Commission asked EFSA to deliver an opinion on the safety of L-tryptophan, produced by an improved manufacturing process, as a nutritional additive for all animal species based on additional data submitted by the applicant on characterisation of the additive. The FEEDAP Panel reiterates its concern on the use of unprotected tryptophan to ruminants and on the safety of the amino acid L-tryptophan for target species when administered simultaneously via water for drinking. As the estimated maximum exposure to endotoxins by inhalation of the improved product is below the provisional occupational exposure limit, no risk from exposure to endotoxins for people handling the additive is expected. Concerns remain about possible dermal sensitisation