Radial variation in cell morphology of melia azedarach planted in northern vietnam

The radial variation in cell morphology of ten-year-old Melia azedarach trees planted in northern Vietnam was experimentally investigated. The earlywood fiber lumen diameter and latewood fiber lumen diameter were almost unchanged from pith to 6th ring before significantly decreasing and remaining constant from 7th ring outwards. In contrast, fiber cell wall thickness in both earlywood and latewood increased from pith to 7th ring before becoming stable towards the bark. The maturation age of earlywood vessel lumen diameter estimated by segmented regression analysis indicated that wood of the Melia azedarach could be classified into core wood and outer wood, and the boundary between core and outer wood may be located at 7th ring from pith. This should be taken into account in wood processing using M. azedarach grown in northern Vietnam

Etude de l'effet sur la P glycoprotéine (ABCB1) de deux médicaments dirigés contre le récepteur de facteur de croissance épithélial (EGFR), le cétuximab et le lapatinib et conséquence sur la pharmacocinétique et l'efficacité anti tumorale de médicaments substrats de ABCB1

La P-glycoprotéine (P-gp) est une protéine transmembranaire de la famille des ATP binding cassette transporteurs. Elle est impliquée dans l efflux du milieu intracellulaire vers le milieu extracellulaire d une grande variété de médicaments anticancéreux. Elle peut être responsable de la diminution de la biodisponibilité orale et de la concentration intra-tumorale des médicaments qui en sont substrats. Elle peut notamment être surexprimée par les cellules cancéreuses des adénocarcinomes du colon naïfs de tout traitement, suggérant une résistance naturelle de cette tumeur et également après une chimiothérapie. Notre premier travail in vivo a documenté le caractère substrat de la P-gp de l evérolimus, inhibiteur de mTOR indiqué dans divers cancers (rein, tumeurs neuroendocrines d oringine pancréatique et sein), jusqu à maintenant uniquement étudié dans des modèles in vitro. Une augmentation significative de l AUC de l evérolimus administré par voie orale est observée chez des souris mdr1a-/b- comparées à des souris mdr1a+/1b+. Une amélioration significative de la biodisponibilité orale de l evérolimus est aussi notée chez des souris prétraitées par le lapatinib (Tyverb®), inhibiteur des tyrosines kinases (EGFR et HER2) indiqué dans le cancer du sein, par rapport aux souris ayant reçu l evérolimus seul. Ce résultat est accompagné d une inhibition de l expression de la P-gp intestinale par le lapatinib mesurée par la technique de Western Blot. Enfin, une étude préclinique menée chez des souris porteuses d une xénogreffe colorectale mutée KRAS montre une activité anti-tumorale certaine des deux médicaments utilisés seuls et en schéma séquentiel. Notre seconde étude a montré pour la première fois que le cétuximab (Erbitux®), anticorps anti-EGFR, inhibe la fonctionnalité de la P-gp dans deux lignées cellulaires surexprimant la P-gp (les cellules IGROV-1 et les HEK P-gp) indépendamment de leur statut EGFR et entraîne chez des souris porteuses d une xénogreffe colorectale une augmentation significative de la biodisponibilité orale et de la concentration intra-tumorale du SN-38, métabolite actif de l irinotécan (Campto®) administré par voie orale. Le cétuximab étant prescrit en association avec l irinotécan chez des patients atteints d un cancer colorectal métastasé, initialement réfractaire à l irinotécan, ces résultats pourraient en partie expliquer la réversion de la résistance à l irinotécan par le cétuximab par une inhibition de l efflux de la P-gp. Grâce à l étude de deux associations de médicaments lapatinib-evérolimus et cétuximab-irinotécan , nous avons démontré l intérêt de l étude de l inhibition de la P-gp avec les traitements les plus récents, notamment son rôle dans l amélioration de la biodisponibilité orale de chimiothérapies utilisées par voie orale.P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a membrane transporter and belongs to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter super family. P-gp decreases oral bioavailability of substrate drugs and can cause multidrug resistance in tumor cells by decreasing intracellular drug levels. P-gp is overexpressed in colorectal carcinoma naturally resistant to chemotherapy. The aim of our first study was to document the in vivo transport of everolimus (Afinitor®), a mTOR inhibitor, by P-gp. A signi cant increase of everolimus oral bioavaibility was observed in mdr1a-/1b- mice compared to the wild type. In addition, a signi cant increase of everolimus oral bioavaibility was showed in mice that received a lapatinib pre-treatment (a dual EGFR/HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor) compared to mice that received everolimus alone. These results were accompanied by a signi cant decrease of P-gp expression in duodenum segment in lapatinib pre-treated group as compared to control group. Finally, each drug given alone or in association showed a major antitumor activity in a xenograft model of human colorectal carcinoma with KRAS mutation. Our second study showed for the first time that cetuximab (Erbitux®), a monoclonal antibody directed towards EGFR, inhibits P-gp functionality in two cell lines overexpressing P-gp (IGROV-1 and HEK P-gp cells) independently of EGFR status and leads to significant increases of oral bioavailability and intratumoral concentration of SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan (Campto®) in mice bearing colorectal carcinoma xenograft. Cetuximab is used in combination with irinotecan in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, initially refractory to irinotecan, our results may partly explain the reversion of resistance to irinotecan by inhibiting P-gp efflux by cetuximab. In conclusion, our results showed the interest to study the effect of recent anticancerous drugs on P-gp, including their ability to improve oral bioavailability of oral chemotherapy used.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Understanding anionic Chugaev elimination in pericyclic tetracene formation

The reaction pathway for the formation of tetracenes from the diols 1,2-C6H4(CHOHC≡CAr)2 , LiHDMS, CS2 and MeI has been modelled by computational methods at the CBS-QB3 level of theory. Comparison of PhCHOC(=S)YCCPh (Y = S- or SMe) indicates a slight kinetic advantage for the anionic system towards [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement [Eact(calc.) 19.7 vs 21.8 kcal mol-1]. Using anthracene-based models, 10-{SC(=O)Y}-4a,10-dihydroanthracene (Y = S- or SMe), allows direct comparison of both syn and anti-manifolds in the neutral vs. anionic Chugaev elimination. Syn elimination of [HSC(=O)S]- is distinctly favoured [Eact(calc.) 11.4 kcal mol-1] vs. syn elimination of neutral methylated HSC(=O)SMe [Eact(calc.) 27.5 kcal mol-1]. The smaller barrier to syn elimination of the anionic leaving group is in accord with the low temperature conditions required for this Chugaev reaction (60 oC) and suggests a general advantage in carrying out Chugaev eliminations in anionic manifolds

The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer Book 2018

(Abridged) This is the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer 2018 book. It is intended as a concise reference guide to all aspects of the scientific and technical design of MSE, for the international astronomy and engineering communities, and related agencies. The current version is a status report of MSE's science goals and their practical implementation, following the System Conceptual Design Review, held in January 2018. MSE is a planned 10-m class, wide-field, optical and near-infrared facility, designed to enable transformative science, while filling a critical missing gap in the emerging international network of large-scale astronomical facilities. MSE is completely dedicated to multi-object spectroscopy of samples of between thousands and millions of astrophysical objects. It will lead the world in this arena, due to its unique design capabilities: it will boast a large (11.25 m) aperture and wide (1.52 sq. degree) field of view; it will have the capabilities to observe at a wide range of spectral resolutions, from R2500 to R40,000, with massive multiplexing (4332 spectra per exposure, with all spectral resolutions available at all times), and an on-target observing efficiency of more than 80%. MSE will unveil the composition and dynamics of the faint Universe and is designed to excel at precision studies of faint astrophysical phenomena. It will also provide critical follow-up for multi-wavelength imaging surveys, such as those of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, Gaia, Euclid, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope, the Square Kilometre Array, and the Next Generation Very Large Array.Comment: 5 chapters, 160 pages, 107 figure

Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS) for the Subaru Telescope: Overview, recent progress, and future perspectives

PFS (Prime Focus Spectrograph), a next generation facility instrument on the 8.2-meter Subaru Telescope, is a very wide-field, massively multiplexed, optical and near-infrared spectrograph. Exploiting the Subaru prime focus, 2394 reconfigurable fibers will be distributed over the 1.3 deg field of view. The spectrograph has been designed with 3 arms of blue, red, and near-infrared cameras to simultaneously observe spectra from 380nm to 1260nm in one exposure at a resolution of ~1.6-2.7A. An international collaboration is developing this instrument under the initiative of Kavli IPMU. The project is now going into the construction phase aiming at undertaking system integration in 2017-2018 and subsequently carrying out engineering operations in 2018-2019. This article gives an overview of the instrument, current project status and future paths forward.Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures. Proceeding of SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 201

Direct Measurements of Meltwater Runoff on the Greenland Ice Sheet Surface

Meltwater runoff from the Greenland Ice Sheet surface influences surface mass balance (SMB), ice dynamics and global sea level rise, but is estimated with climate models and thus difficult to validate. We present a way to measure ice surface runoff directly, from hourly in situ supraglacial river discharge measurements and simultaneous high-resolution satellite/drone remote sensing of upstream fluvial catchment area. A first 72-hour trial for a 63.1 square kilometer moulin-terminating internally drained catchment (IDC) on Greenland's mid-elevation (1207-1381 meters above sea level) ablation zone is compared with melt and runoff simulations from HIRHAM5, MAR3.6.1 (Modele Atmospherique Regionale 3.6.1), RACMO2.3 (Regional Atmospheric Climate Model 2.3), MERRA-2 (Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications-2) and SEB climate/SMB models. Current models cannot reproduce peak discharges or timing of runoff entering moulins, but are improved using synthetic unit hydrograph theory (SUH). Retroactive SUH applications to two older field studies reproduces their findings, signifying that remotely sensed IDC area, shape, and river-length are useful for predicting delays in peak runoff delivery to moulins. Applying SUH to HIRHAM5, MAR3.6.1, RACMO2.3 gridded melt products for 799 surrounding IDCs suggests their terminal moulins receive lower peak discharges, less diurnal variability, and asynchronous runoff timing relative to climate/SMB model output alone. Conversely, large IDCs produce high moulin discharges, even at high elevations where melt rates are low. During this particular field experiment models overestimated runoff by plus 21 percent to plus 58 percent, linked to overestimated ablation and possible meltwater retention in bare, low-density ice. Direct measurements of ice surface runoff will improve climate/SMB models, and incorporating remotely sensed IDCs will aid coupling of surface mass balance with ice dynamics and subglacial systems

Direct measurements of meltwater runoff on the Greenland ice sheet surface

Meltwater runoff from the Greenland ice sheet surface influences surface mass balance (SMB), ice dynamics, and global sea level rise, but is estimated with climate models and thus difficult to validate. We present a way to measure ice surface runoff directly, from hourly in situ supraglacial river discharge measurements and simultaneous high-resolution satellite/drone remote sensing of upstream fluvial catchment area. A first 72-h trial for a 63.1-km2 moulin-terminating internally drained catchment (IDC) on Greenland?s midelevation (1,207?1,381 m above sea level) ablation zone is compared with melt and runoff simulations from HIRHAM5, MAR3.6, RACMO2.3, MERRA-2, and SEB climate/SMB models. Current models cannot reproduce peak discharges or timing of runoff entering moulins but are improved using synthetic unit hydrograph (SUH) theory. Retroactive SUH applications to two older field studies reproduce their findings, signifying that remotely sensed IDC area, shape, and supraglacial river length are useful for predicting delays in peak runoff delivery to moulins. Applying SUH to HIRHAM5, MAR3.6, and RACMO2.3 gridded melt products for 799 surrounding IDCs suggests their terminal moulins receive lower peak discharges, less diurnal variability, and asynchronous runoff timing relative to climate/SMB model output alone. Conversely, large IDCs produce high moulin discharges, even at high elevations where melt rates are low. During this particular field experiment, models overestimated runoff by +21 to +58%, linked to overestimated surface ablation and possible meltwater retention in bare, porous, low-density ice. Direct measurements of ice surface runoff will improve climate/SMB models, and incorporating remotely sensed IDCs will aid coupling of SMB with ice dynamics and subglacial systemspublishersversionPeer reviewe

Pan-Cancer Analysis of lncRNA Regulation Supports Their Targeting of Cancer Genes in Each Tumor Context

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly dys-regulated in tumors, but only a handful are known toplay pathophysiological roles in cancer. We inferredlncRNAs that dysregulate cancer pathways, onco-genes, and tumor suppressors (cancer genes) bymodeling their effects on the activity of transcriptionfactors, RNA-binding proteins, and microRNAs in5,185 TCGA tumors and 1,019 ENCODE assays.Our predictions included hundreds of candidateonco- and tumor-suppressor lncRNAs (cancerlncRNAs) whose somatic alterations account for thedysregulation of dozens of cancer genes and path-ways in each of 14 tumor contexts. To demonstrateproof of concept, we showed that perturbations tar-geting OIP5-AS1 (an inferred tumor suppressor) andTUG1 and WT1-AS (inferred onco-lncRNAs) dysre-gulated cancer genes and altered proliferation ofbreast and gynecologic cancer cells. Our analysis in-dicates that, although most lncRNAs are dysregu-lated in a tumor-specific manner, some, includingOIP5-AS1, TUG1, NEAT1, MEG3, and TSIX, synergis-tically dysregulate cancer pathways in multiple tumorcontexts