Hugo Chávez: una década en el poder

Una década de Hugo Chávez Frías y su proyecto político en Venezuela trajo consigo un cambio de paradigmas que llama la atención de la sociedad en general. Este libro es el resultado del esfuerzo conjunto de un grupo de académicos de distintas nacionalidades que desde sus líneas de investigación realizan análisis que le brindan al lector elementos para comprender de manera global lo que significa una década de gobierno del Presidente Chávez en Venezuela.Este libro es el resultado del esfuerzo conjunto de un grupo de académicos de distintas nacionalidades que desde sus líneas de investigación realizan análisis que le brindan al lector elementos para comprender de manera global lo que significa una década de gobierno del Presidente Chávez en Venezuela

Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

High SEPT9_i1 protein expression is associated with high-grade prostate cancers.

Septins are a family of GTP-binding cytoskeleton proteins expressed in many solid tumors. Septin 9 (SEPT9) in particular was found overexpressed in diverse carcinomas. Herein, we studied the expression of SEPT9 isoform 1 protein (SEPT9_i1) in human prostate cancer specimens. We utilized immunohistochemical staining to study the expression of SEPT9_i1 protein. Staining level was analyzed in association with clinical characteristics and the pathological Gleason grade and score. Fifty human prostate cancer specimens (42 primary tumors and 8 metastatic lesions) were stained by SEPT9_i1 antibody and analyzed. SEPT9_i1 protein was expressed in prostate cancer cells but absent in normal epithelial cells. The intensity of staining was correlated proportionally to pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood levels and Gleason score (P < 0.05). SEPT9_i1 was highly expressed in all metastatic lesions. A significant assocation between SEPT9_i1 expression and high Gleason score on multivariate linear regression analysis was found. We conclude that SEPT9_i1 is expressed in high-grade prostate tumors suggesting it has a significant role in prostate tumorigenesis and that it could serve as a molecular marker for prostate tumor progression

Main characteristics of study participants.

<p>PSA, prostate-specific antigen; CI, confidence interval; NA, not available.</p><p>Main characteristics of study participants.</p

SEPT9_i1 staining in prostate cancer metastases.

<p>Metastatic prostate cancer lesions from bone marrow, lymph node and bone were immunostained with SEPT9_i1. Left panels are low (x100) magnification (LM) (scale bar 100 μm) and right panel are high (x200) magnification (HM) (scale bar 50 μm). Note high level of SEPT9_i1 staining in all metastases.</p

Correlation between "patients' characteristics" and SEPT9_i1 staining.

<p>PSA, prostate-specific antigen.</p><p>Correlation between "patients' characteristics" and SEPT9_i1 staining.</p

Characterization of SEPT9_i1 antibodies and scoring of SEPT9_i1 staining intensity.

<p>HEK-293T embryonic human kidney cells were transiently transfected with Flag-SEPT9_i1 construct or empty vector (EV). (A) Whole cellular extracts were prepared and analyzed by 4–20% SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting (IB) with antibodies to Flag (1:2000), SEPT9_i1 (1:3000), preimmune serum (1:3000) or SEPT9_i1 antibody (1:3000) pre-incubated with 10 μM of the immunogen peptide for 4 hours. (B) The same cellular extracts were subjected to immunoprecipitation (IP) using anti-Flag antibody and the immuneprecipitates were subjected to 4–15% SDS-PAGE and then immunoblotted with anti-Flag or anti-SEPT9_i1 antibodies. (C) Representative SEPT9_i1 staining in human prostate cancer specimens. Score 0: no SEPT9_i1 staining, 1: low SEPT9_i1 staining 2: medium SEPT9_i1 staining and 3: high SEPT9_i1 staining. Magnification x200, scale bar 50 μm.</p

Gleason score correlation with SEPT9_i1 staining intensity.

<p>Mean SEPT9_i1 staining intensity ± SE of each Gleason score group (score 5: 3 patients, score 6: 8 patients, score 7: 19 patients, score 8: 3 patients, score 9: 6 patients and score 10: 2 patients) was calculated using either visual scoring (A) or automated image analysis with the ARIOL-SL50 system (B).</p