Recreational Activity and Place Meaning

Abstract Although past research has documented the association between the types of activities an individual undertakes in a particular setting and the intensity of attachment that they hold for that place, little work has investigated the connection between activity type and place meaning. This lack of empirical evidence is most likely due to the fact that most place meaning studies have sought to describe the thoughts and feelings individuals ascribe to a place rather than to understand the relationships involved in meaning formation. Using data collected from a survey of recreational visitors to Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, this investigation attempted to identify the connections between individuals’ type of activity participation and the meanings they ascribed to the setting in which they recreated. Results indicated that, after controlling for visitation frequency, the importance of certain meanings to the individual does vary between activity types

Place Bonding and Trust: The Case of Feral Hog Management Surrounding Big Thicket National Preserve

The management of feral hogs surrounding the Big Thicket National Preserve (BTNP) in Texas calls for managers and stakeholders to work together to manage resource issues. Research has indicated that place bonding can be a common ground upon which managers and stakeholders develop trust in one another to form a basis for collaborative management. However, such research has not examined the different types of trust (e.g., trust in local managers and trust in an entire agency) that exist. This investigation compared several models of trust and then sought to identify the relationship between place bonding and trust. Data were collected through a mail survey of residents living near the BTNP. The results suggested that a conceptualization of trust wherein an individual’s institutional trust in an agency contributes to their social trust in agency managers explained the most variance. The analysis also confirmed a place bonding—trust relationship

Public Response to Park and Recreation Funding and Cost-saving Strategies: The Role of Organizational Trust and Committment

Historically, public park and recreation services have been funded through general funds and appropriations, with minimal amounts derived from non-tax revenue sources. The fiscal conservative movement, however, has spawned an expansion of nontax revenues and cost saving strategies. Th is study examines the level of citizen support for a variety of funding and cost-saving strategies for park and recreation agencies in a metropolitan region, and the factors related to citizens’ opinions about such strategies. Data were collected through a mail survey of adult residents of the Harrisburg, Pennsylvania region. A total of 578 questionnaires were completed. Results showed that funding strategies involving external contributions such as donations and corporate sponsorships were most strongly supported by the local citizenry. Respondents were least supportive of park services privatization and the use of park entrance fees. Regression analysis was used to test the relationships between citizen socio-demographic characteristics, park use patterns, organizational trust and commitment, and level of support for the various strategies. Organizational trust, commitment, and citizen characteristics were signifi cantly related to a number of funding strategies. While prior research has examined the role of trust and commitment in the implementation of enterprise funding strategies (e.g. user fees), our data indicates that trust and commitment were more salient for general tax support than for other, more transactional funding strategies, such as user fees and corporate sponsorships. Respondents who perceived that their local park agencies were socially competent and who were more committed to the agency were also more likely to support taxes and less likely to support park privatization. These results affirm that a trusting and committed citizenry is a key ingredient in preventing the erosion of tax-based support and the subsequent privatization of park and recreation services. Park and recreation administrators who wish to expand their funding beyond existing tax support should take actions to foster trust and commitment across their multiple constituent groups. Agencies that currently enjoy a high level of constituent trust and commitment should be cautious when privatizing park services, lest they compromise existing levels of trust and commitment

Observations with the Differential Speckle Survey Instrument. X. Preliminary Orbits of K Dwarf Binaries and Other Stars

This paper details speckle observations of binary stars taken at the Lowell Discovery Telescope, the WIYN Telescope, and the Gemini telescopes between 2016 January and 2019 September. The observations taken at Gemini and Lowell were done with the Differential Speckle Survey Instrument (DSSI), and those done at WIYN were taken with the successor instrument to DSSI at that site, the NN-EXPLORE Exoplanet Star and Speckle Imager (NESSI). In total, we present 378 observations of 178 systems and we show that the uncertainty in the measurement precision for the combined data set is ~2 mas in separation, ~1-2 degrees in position angle depending on the separation, and $\sim$0.1 magnitudes in magnitude difference. Together with data already in the literature, these new results permit 25 visual orbits and one spectroscopic-visual orbit to be calculated for the first time. In the case of the spectroscopic-visual analysis, which is done on the trinary star HD 173093, we calculate masses with precision of better than 1% for all three stars in that system. Twenty-one of the visual orbits calculated have a K dwarf as the primary star; we add these to the known orbits of K dwarf primary stars and discuss the basic orbital properties of these stars at this stage. Although incomplete, the data that exist so far indicate that binaries with K dwarf primaries tend not to have low-eccentricity orbits at separations of one to a few tens of AU, that is, on solar-system scales

Long-term exposure to ultrafine particles and incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in the EPIC-NL cohort

Background: There is a small but growing evidence base that exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP – particles smaller than 100nm) may play an important role in the etiology of several illnesses, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, this has been under-explored in population-level studies. Methods: Using Cox proportional hazard models we studied the association between long-term exposure to UFP (predicted via recently developed land use regression models) and incident cardiovascular disease in the Dutch arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer cohort (EPIC-NL), which contains 33,831 Dutch residents. Hazard ratios (HR) for UFP were compared to HRs for more routinely monitored air pollutants, including PM$_{10}$, PM$_{coarse}$, PM$_{2.5}$, PM$_{2.5}$ absorbance, NO$_{x}$, and NO$_{2}$. Joint-pollutant effects were also evaluated in two-pollutant models. Results: Long-term exposure to UFP was associated with increased HRs for all incident cardiovascular disease (HR = 1.18 per 10,000 particles/cm$_{3}$, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.34), myocardial infarction (HR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.79), and heart failure (HR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.17, 2.66). Positive associations were also observed for NO2 (HR for heart failure = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.48 per 20 μg/m$^{3}$) and coarse PM (HR for all CVD = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.45 per 10 μg/m$^{3}$). CVD was not positively associated with PM$_{2.5}$ (HR for all CVD = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.75, 1.28 per 5 μg/m$^{3}$). HRs for UFP and cerebrovascular diseases were positive, but not significant. In two-pollutant models (UFP + NO$_{2}$ and UFP + PM$_{coarse}$), positive associations tended to remain for UFP, while HRs for PM$_{coarse}$ and NO$_{2}$ generally attenuated towards the null. Conclusions: These findings strengthen the overall evidence that UFP exposure plays an important role in cardiovascular health and that risks of ambient air pollution, based on conventional air pollution metrics, may underestimate the true population risk.ment data and biological responses as viability (AlamarBlue assay), cytotoxicity (LDH release), and release of cytokines during long-term exposure are reported

RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN A POLYTRAUMATIZED PATIENT WITH HEMOPHILIA

Zatajenje bubrežne funkcije je rijetka pojava u bolesnika s nasljednim koagulacijskim poremećajima. Međutim, kada nastupi veoma brzo napreduje do završnog stadija bubrežne bolesti i potrebe za nadomještanjem bubrežne funkcije. Javljaju se problemi vezani uz odabir metode dijalize, periproceduralne nadoknade nedostatnog faktora koagulacije te heparinizacije dijaliznog sustava. Kod hemoiličara uvijek treba biti oprezan tijekom samog postupka dijalize zbog mogućeg razvoja komplikacija koje ih mogu vitalno ugroziti. Ovo je prikaz slučaja teško politraumatiziranog bolesnika koji boluje od hemofilije A. Tijekom intenzivnog liječenja razvio je akutno bubrežno zatajenje te tešku sepsu. S obzirom na okolnosti najbolja metoda izbora za njega je bila kontinuirana veno-venska hemodijaliza. Unato uspješno provedenoj dijalizi bez komplikacija bolesnik umire od protrahirane sepseRenal failure is a rare complication of hereditary coagulopathies. However, when it occurs, it rapidly progresses to a stage that requires replacement of renal function. Major problems include the choice of dialysis method, prevention of complications and supplementation of deicient factor. In hemodialysis, it is challenging to prevent system clotting and avoid bleeding. We present a case of polytraumatized male patient with hemophilia A, who developed compartment syndrome with acute renal failure. Continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD) improved his condition and he recovered his kidney function. However, over the next few days he developed severe sepsis with deterioration of renal function. CVVHDF (hemodiailtration) was restarted. Several large hematomas were found in the abdominal cavity and in the inguinal region, one of them inducing compartment syndrome with leg necrosis. The patient died from cardiorespiratory arrest

The state of the Martian climate

60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981–2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes

Identification and mechanistic basis of non-ACE2 blocking neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients with deep RNA sequencing and molecular dynamics simulations

Variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) continue to cause disease and impair the effectiveness of treatments. The therapeutic potential of convergent neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) from fully recovered patients has been explored in several early stages of novel drugs. Here, we identified initially elicited NAbs (Ig Heavy, Ig lambda, Ig kappa) in response to COVID-19 infection in patients admitted to the intensive care unit at a single center with deep RNA sequencing (>100 million reads) of peripheral blood as a diagnostic tool for predicting the severity of the disease and as a means to pinpoint specific compensatory NAb treatments. Clinical data were prospectively collected at multiple time points during ICU admission, and amino acid sequences for the NAb CDR3 segments were identified. Patients who survived severe COVID-19 had significantly more of a Class 3 antibody (C135) to SARS-CoV-2 compared to non-survivors (15059.4 vs. 1412.7, p = 0.016). In addition to highlighting the utility of RNA sequencing in revealing unique NAb profiles in COVID-19 patients with different outcomes, we provided a physical basis for our findings via atomistic modeling combined with molecular dynamics simulations. We established the interactions of the Class 3 NAb C135 with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, proposing a mechanistic basis for inhibition via multiple conformations that can effectively prevent ACE2 from binding to the spike protein, despite C135 not directly blocking the ACE2 binding motif. Overall, we demonstrate that deep RNA sequencing combined with structural modeling offers the new potential to identify and understand novel therapeutic(s) NAbs in individuals lacking certain immune responses due to their poor endogenous production. Our results suggest a possible window of opportunity for administration of such NAbs when their full sequence becomes available. A method involving rapid deep RNA sequencing of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 or its variants at the earliest infection time could help to develop personalized treatments using the identified specific NAbs

State of the climate in 2018

In 2018, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—continued their increase. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface was 407.4 ± 0.1 ppm, the highest in the modern instrumental record and in ice core records dating back 800 000 years. Combined, greenhouse gases and several halogenated gases contribute just over 3 W m−2 to radiative forcing and represent a nearly 43% increase since 1990. Carbon dioxide is responsible for about 65% of this radiative forcing. With a weak La Niña in early 2018 transitioning to a weak El Niño by the year’s end, the global surface (land and ocean) temperature was the fourth highest on record, with only 2015 through 2017 being warmer. Several European countries reported record high annual temperatures. There were also more high, and fewer low, temperature extremes than in nearly all of the 68-year extremes record. Madagascar recorded a record daily temperature of 40.5°C in Morondava in March, while South Korea set its record high of 41.0°C in August in Hongcheon. Nawabshah, Pakistan, recorded its highest temperature of 50.2°C, which may be a new daily world record for April. Globally, the annual lower troposphere temperature was third to seventh highest, depending on the dataset analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was approximately fifth lowest. The 2018 Arctic land surface temperature was 1.2°C above the 1981–2010 average, tying for third highest in the 118-year record, following 2016 and 2017. June’s Arctic snow cover extent was almost half of what it was 35 years ago. Across Greenland, however, regional summer temperatures were generally below or near average. Additionally, a satellite survey of 47 glaciers in Greenland indicated a net increase in area for the first time since records began in 1999. Increasing permafrost temperatures were reported at most observation sites in the Arctic, with the overall increase of 0.1°–0.2°C between 2017 and 2018 being comparable to the highest rate of warming ever observed in the region. On 17 March, Arctic sea ice extent marked the second smallest annual maximum in the 38-year record, larger than only 2017. The minimum extent in 2018 was reached on 19 September and again on 23 September, tying 2008 and 2010 for the sixth lowest extent on record. The 23 September date tied 1997 as the latest sea ice minimum date on record. First-year ice now dominates the ice cover, comprising 77% of the March 2018 ice pack compared to 55% during the 1980s. Because thinner, younger ice is more vulnerable to melting out in summer, this shift in sea ice age has contributed to the decreasing trend in minimum ice extent. Regionally, Bering Sea ice extent was at record lows for almost the entire 2017/18 ice season. For the Antarctic continent as a whole, 2018 was warmer than average. On the highest points of the Antarctic Plateau, the automatic weather station Relay (74°S) broke or tied six monthly temperature records throughout the year, with August breaking its record by nearly 8°C. However, cool conditions in the western Bellingshausen Sea and Amundsen Sea sector contributed to a low melt season overall for 2017/18. High SSTs contributed to low summer sea ice extent in the Ross and Weddell Seas in 2018, underpinning the second lowest Antarctic summer minimum sea ice extent on record. Despite conducive conditions for its formation, the ozone hole at its maximum extent in September was near the 2000–18 mean, likely due to an ongoing slow decline in stratospheric chlorine monoxide concentration. Across the oceans, globally averaged SST decreased slightly since the record El Niño year of 2016 but was still far above the climatological mean. On average, SST is increasing at a rate of 0.10° ± 0.01°C decade−1 since 1950. The warming appeared largest in the tropical Indian Ocean and smallest in the North Pacific. The deeper ocean continues to warm year after year. For the seventh consecutive year, global annual mean sea level became the highest in the 26-year record, rising to 81 mm above the 1993 average. As anticipated in a warming climate, the hydrological cycle over the ocean is accelerating: dry regions are becoming drier and wet regions rainier. Closer to the equator, 95 named tropical storms were observed during 2018, well above the 1981–2010 average of 82. Eleven tropical cyclones reached Saffir–Simpson scale Category 5 intensity. North Atlantic Major Hurricane Michael’s landfall intensity of 140 kt was the fourth strongest for any continental U.S. hurricane landfall in the 168-year record. Michael caused more than 30 fatalities and $25 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages. In the western North Pacific, Super Typhoon Mangkhut led to 160 fatalities and$6 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages across the Philippines, Hong Kong, Macau, mainland China, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Tropical Storm Son-Tinh was responsible for 170 fatalities in Vietnam and Laos. Nearly all the islands of Micronesia experienced at least moderate impacts from various tropical cyclones. Across land, many areas around the globe received copious precipitation, notable at different time scales. Rodrigues and Réunion Island near southern Africa each reported their third wettest year on record. In Hawaii, 1262 mm precipitation at Waipā Gardens (Kauai) on 14–15 April set a new U.S. record for 24-h precipitation. In Brazil, the city of Belo Horizonte received nearly 75 mm of rain in just 20 minutes, nearly half its monthly average. Globally, fire activity during 2018 was the lowest since the start of the record in 1997, with a combined burned area of about 500 million hectares. This reinforced the long-term downward trend in fire emissions driven by changes in land use in frequently burning savannas. However, wildfires burned 3.5 million hectares across the United States, well above the 2000–10 average of 2.7 million hectares. Combined, U.S. wildfire damages for the 2017 and 2018 wildfire seasons exceeded $40 billion (U.S. dollars)

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure