Catalytic Synthesis of Acetonitrile by Ammonolysis of Acetic Acid

The influence of principal parameters (reagent ratio, reaction temperature, temperature gradients along a catalyst layer) on the yield of the desired product was studied in the reaction of acetonitrile synthesis from acetic acid over γ-alumina. Thus, the increase in ammonia:acetic acid ratio leads to the increase in acetonitrile selectivity and yield. In this work it has been demonstrated that initial temperatures of 360-380 °C are optimum to effectively carry out the process of acetonitrile synthesis. The increase in reaction temperature allows one to increase the yield of acetonitrile, but at elevated temperatures the catalyst carbidization and contamination of the desired product were observed. The additives to the reaction mixture of the substances that decrease the rate of compaction products (CP) formation and participate in the desired product formation are very effective for decreasing the catalyst carbidization. The effect of the composition of a reaction mixture on a catalyst lifetime is considered. The addition of ethyl acetate to acetic acid promotes a greater carbidization as compared to pure acetic acid. The application of a mixture of acetic acid with acetic anhydride at similar acetonitrile yield decreases the catalyst carbidization

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПОЛИМОРФИЗМА ЭСТЕРАЗНОГО СОСТАВА ЗРЕЛЫХ СЕМЯН ОБРАЗЦОВ РЕДИСА (RAPHANUS SATIVUS L.) КОЛЛЕКЦИИ ВИР

A biochemical evaluation of 25 radish accessions (Raphanus sativus L.) on esterase isozymes of mature seeds has been carried out. The results of the experiments showed a wide range of diversity among the genotypes based on electrophoretic zones of esterase isoenzymes. The revealed isoenzyme complex of esterases was represented by eight isoforms with molecular weights from 37.7 kD to 57.6 kD. All accessions were divided into 13 electrophoretic zymotypes, differing from each other by the presence or absence of definite zones. The most often observed electrophoretic zymo-type is Gr. 1, which includes 24% of the total number of accessions evaluated. There are 8 zymotypes (Gr. 6 Gr. 13) with a frequency of occurrence 4%. Three groups (Gr. 2 – Gr. 4) had the same frequency of occurrence – 12%. Zimotype of Gr. 5 containes the maximum number of zones – 8. 2 zimotypes – Gr. 3 and Gr. 12 had the smallest number of 4 zones. Two zones of esterases – zones 7 and 8 (Мr 39.7кD and Мr 37.7 kD, respectively) were monomorphic. The remaining six zones were polymorphic, i.e. could be absent in some zimotypes. The frequency of occurrence of each zone in different zymotypes has varied from 6.58% to 17.11%. As results of this research the accessions that were selected can become the most promising parent forms for future genetic and selection studies of this culture.Проведена биохимическая оценка 25 образцов редиса (Raphanus sativus L.) по эстеразным изоферментам зрелых семян. Результаты эксперимента выявили широкий спектр разнообразия среди генотипов, основываясь на их электрофоретических зонах эстеразных изоферментов. Выявленный изо-ферментный комплекс эстераз был представлен восемью изо-формами с молекулярными массами от 37.7 кД до 57.6 кД. Все образцы были разделены на 13 электрофоретических зимотипов, отличающихся друг от друга наличием или отсутствием определенных зон. Наиболее часто встречается электрофоретический зимотип Гр. 1, который включает в себя 24% от общего количества оцененных образцов. С частотой 4% встречаются 8 зимотипов (Гр. 6 – Гр. 13). Три группы (Гр. 2, Гр. 3 и Гр. 4) обладали одинаковой частотой встречаемости – 12%. Зимотип Гр. 5 включал в себя максимальное количество зон – 8. С наименьшим количеством зон (по 4) были обнаружены 2 зимотипа – Гр. 3 и Гр. 12. Мономорфными оказались 2 зоны эсте-раз – 7 и 8 зоны (Мr = 39.7кД и Мr = 37.7 кД, соответственно). Остальные шесть зон оказались полиморфными, т.е. могли отсутствовать в определенных зимотипах. Частота встречаемости каждой зоны в различных зимотипах варьировала от 6.58% до 17.11%. В результате исследования были выделены образцы, которые могут служить наиболее перспективными роди-тельскими формами при проведении генетико-селекционных исследований у данной культуры

Trajectories of Early Adolescent Loneliness: Implications for Physical Health and Sleep

The current study examines the relationship between prolonged loneliness, physical health, and sleep among young adolescents (10–13 years; N = 1214; 53% girls). Loneliness was measured at 10, 12 and 13 years of age along with parent-reported health and sleep outcomes. Using growth mixture modelling, 6 distinct trajectories were identified: ‘low increasing to high loneliness’ (n = 23, 2%), ‘high reducing loneliness’ (n = 28, 3%), ‘medium stable loneliness’ (n = 60, 5%), ‘medium reducing loneliness’ (n = 185, 15%), ‘low increasing to medium loneliness’ (n = 165, 14%), and ‘low stable loneliness’ (n = 743, 61%). Further analyses found non-significant differences between the loneliness trajectories and parent-report health and sleep outcomes including visits to health professionals, perceived general health, and sleep quality. The current study offers an important contribution to the literature on loneliness and health. Results show that the relationship may not be evident in early adolescence when parent reports of children’s health are used. The current study highlights the importance of informant choice when reporting health. The implications of the findings for future empirical work are discussed

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Connecting the multiple dimensions of global soil fungal diversity

How the multiple facets of soil fungal diversity vary worldwide remains virtually unknown, hindering the management of this essential species-rich group. By sequencing high-resolution DNA markers in over 4000 topsoil samples from natural and human-altered ecosystems across all continents, we illustrate the distributions and drivers of different levels of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of fungi and their ecological groups. We show the impact of precipitation and temperature interactions on local fungal species richness (alpha diversity) across different climates. Our findings reveal how temperature drives fungal compositional turnover (beta diversity) and phylogenetic diversity, linking them with regional species richness (gamma diversity). We integrate fungi into the principles of global biodiversity distribution and present detailed maps for biodiversity conservation and modeling of global ecological processes

The Concept of Talent Management as a Special Category of Organization Employees

The article is devoted to a special category of employees who have a unique set of qualities necessary to achieve the strategic goals of the organization. The importance of such employees for the development of companies, as well as the need to find innovative approaches to talent management. Special attention is paid to high-potential employees. The author considers the practical experience of the talent management system implementation in a large Russian company. The proposed system allows the company not only to achieve results in key areas, but also to maintain its position in a highly competitive market. As a result of the study, it can be concluded that a special category of employees are the driving force of positive changes in the organization. The concept of talent management proposed in the article is aimed at the formation of a systematic approach to talent management, and it should organically fit into the overall system of personnel management