The Nomenclatural Status of Saperda Inordata Say (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Excerpt: Confusion as to the identity and proper name of our common Saperda on trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michaux, in eastern North America should be clarified. The confusion has arisen from three reasons: (1) LeConte failed to distinguish S. concolor Lec. (1852) from S. irornata Say (1824); (2) Say\u27s type material was destroyed or lost which makes verification impossible; and (3) S. inornata varies from light to dark in overall appearance. The former two points are discussed here and the latter will be covered in a separate article. Authors since LeConte\u27s time have used a variety of binominal and trinominal designations for this species. In 1924 J. 0. Martin suggested that the name inornata, which had been placed in the Genus Mecas, really belonged in the Genus Saperda and that S. inornata should be reinstated replacing LeConte\u27s concolor which Martin, followed by Breuning (1952), considered a synonym of inornata. Despite Martin\u27s suggestion, S. concolor is in common use today. However, a search of the literature produced evidence which substantiates Martin\u27s claim that inornata must stand (Nord, 1968). A summary of this search is presented here in detail and a neotype has been proposed so that the nomenclature will be stabilized (Nord and Knight, 1970)

The Geographic Variation of Saperda Inornata Say (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Eastern North America

Excerpt: During the summers of 1962 and 1963 a study of the life history and behavior of what was thought to have been Saperda moesta LeConte in trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michaux, was completed in northern Michigan (Nord, 1968). After the field study, it became apparent that the original identification was doubtful. Furthermore, there was a possibility that two species were present in the study areas, thus the biological data collected may have represented not one but two species

The Distribution of Saperda Inornata and Oberea Schaumii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) within the Crowns of Large Trembling Aspens, Populus Tremuloides

The larvae of Saperda inornata Say and Oberea schaumii LeConte inhabit the stems of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux) root suckers and the twigs of larger trees. Nord et al. (1972a, 1972b) reported the biologies of these species in Upper Michigan and northern Wisconsin. S. inornata has a one or two year life cycle, probably depending on how early the egg is laid. Most (77.5%) 0. schaumii develop in three years while 5.0% require only two years and 17.5% require four years to develop. Knight (1963) described the distribution of galleries made by S. inornata and 0. schaumii in the crowns of large trembling aspen, P. tremuloides, in Upper Michigan. Similar distribution data were gathered from 180 large trembling aspen felled in a survey designed to determine the relative abundance of S. inornata and 0. schaumii in stands of different site quality (Nord and Knight 1972b). The analysis of that distribution data and comparisons with that of Knight (1963) are presented here. Inter- and intra-specific competition in light of the results and other behavioral information are discussed

The Importance of Saperda Inornata and Oberea Schaumii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Galleries as Infection Courts of Hypoxylon Pruinatum in Trembling Aspen, Populus Tremuloides

(excerpt) Trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michaux, and bigtooth aspen, P. grandidentata Michaux, are hosts of numerous species of injurious insects and microorganisms (Harrison 1959). Only a few of those organisms, however, are directly responsible for mortality of healthy trees. The fungus Hypoxylon pruinatum (Klotzsche) Cke. is most important in that respect, killing 1-2%o f the standing volume annually in the Lake States (Anderson 1964). It invades and spreads in cambial tissue, killing it and eventually the branch or stem by girdling. Initially, a canker appears as a sunken, yellowish-orange area in the bark (Anderson 1956). In a later stage the outer bark raises in blister-like patches and sloughs off exposing blackened, crumbling cortex

The Relationship of the Abundance of \u3ci\u3eSaperda Inornata\u3c/i\u3e and \u3ci\u3eOberea Schaumii\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Large Trembling Aspen, \u3ci\u3ePopulus Tremuloides\u3c/i\u3e, to Site Quality

Saperda inornata Say and Oberea schaumii LeConte are cerambycids that inhabit the stems of trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michaux, root suckers and the twigs of larger trees. The biologies of those species in northern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan were reported by Nord et al. (1972a and 1972b). S. inornata oviposits on the cambium under horseshoe- or shield-shaped egg niches gnawed in the outer bark by the female. The term egg niche, connotes an oviposition place prepared by the female using the mandibles and ovipositor (Linsley 1959). There are usually 2 or 3 egg niches at one level on the stem or twig, and a globose gall consisting of callus tissue forms there. The larvae feed in the cambial and callus tissue around the gall and require 1 or 2 years to complete development. The 0. schaurnii female gnaws an elongate, rectangular egg niche in the outer bark and deposits an egg on the cambium beneath it. The larva bores downward from the egg niche in the wood. Most individuals require 3 years to complete the life cycle; but some take only 2 years, while others take 4 years. A survey designed to determine the importance of the egg niches and galleries of S. inornata and 0. schaumii as infection courts of Hypoxylon pruinatum (Klotzsche) Cke. in large trembling aspen was begun in 1962 in Iron and Ontonogan Counties, Michigan. The data from that survey indicated that abundance of borers might be correlated with the site quality of the stand. Therefore in 1963 the survey was redesigned to detect differences in abundance between stands of different site quality. Since the redesign concerned only the selection of stands, not the sampling procedures used within the stand, most of the trees sampled in 1962 were incorporated into the redesigned survey. The data collected in conjuction with the survey also make possible conclusions regarding the distribution of borer galleries within the crowns of large trees. Those results and a discussion of competition between S. inornata and 0. schaurnii are given in another paper (Nord and Knight, 1972a). The incidence of H. pruinatum in the galleries was reported by Nord and Knight (1972b)

The Hymenopterous Parasites Agathis Pumila (Braconidae) and Epilampsis Laricinellae (Eulophidae) on the Larch Casebearer (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) in the Northern Lake States

Excerpt: The larch casebearer Coleophora laricella (Hübner) is a defoliator of larch (Larix spp.). The insect was introduced into North America from Europe at some time prior to 1886, and since has spread steadily westward. It was causing heavy defoliation by the early 1920\u27s near Ann Arbor in southern Michigan and was recorded in northeast Wisconsin in 1939, at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario in 1942, and Port Arthur, Ontario in 1947. Many native parasites attack the case bearer but seem to effect little control. Parasites were imported from Europe beginning in 1928, but the first attempts to establish them were unsuccessful. In 1932, the United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine made releases of Agathis pumila (Ratz.) at Lynwood, Massachusetts, and Epilampsis laricinellae (Ratz.) in Lunenburg Township, Massachusetts. These two species were successfully established

Associated Insects Reared from Galls of Saperda Inornata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on Trembling Aspen in Michigan

The poplar gall Saperda, Saperda inornata Say, is a common pest of trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx, in Michigan forests. Through its egg-laying activities and larval feeding, this insect causes wood defects and tree mortality (Graham et al., 1963). While studying natural populations of this insect (Grimble and Knight, 1970), we collected many galls and found through rearing and dissection that they harbor a large and varied insect fauna

B751: The Effects of Mechanized Harvesting on Soil Conditions in the Spruce-Fir Region of North-Central Maine

The impact of the new harvesting methods on soil with respect to soil disturbance is largely unknown. One objective of this study was to determine the extent of soil compaction and disturbance to the organic cover of the soil resulting from the use of mechanical harvesters and rubber-tired skidders during logging operations in north-central Maine.https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/aes_bulletin/1016/thumbnail.jp

Representation of Dynamical Stimuli in Populations of Threshold Neurons

Many sensory or cognitive events are associated with dynamic current modulations in cortical neurons. This raises an urgent demand for tractable model approaches addressing the merits and limits of potential encoding strategies. Yet, current theoretical approaches addressing the response to mean- and variance-encoded stimuli rarely provide complete response functions for both modes of encoding in the presence of correlated noise. Here, we investigate the neuronal population response to dynamical modifications of the mean or variance of the synaptic bombardment using an alternative threshold model framework. In the variance and mean channel, we provide explicit expressions for the linear and non-linear frequency response functions in the presence of correlated noise and use them to derive population rate response to step-like stimuli. For mean-encoded signals, we find that the complete response function depends only on the temporal width of the input correlation function, but not on other functional specifics. Furthermore, we show that both mean- and variance-encoded signals can relay high-frequency inputs, and in both schemes step-like changes can be detected instantaneously. Finally, we obtain the pairwise spike correlation function and the spike triggered average from the linear mean-evoked response function. These results provide a maximally tractable limiting case that complements and extends previous results obtained in the integrate and fire framework

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London