SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF SOME BENZOTHIAZOLE DERIVATIVES AS ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS

Objective: The objective of the present research investigation involves synthesis and biological evaluation of antidiabetic activity of benzothiazole derivatives.Methods: A novel series of benzothiazole derivatives 7(a-l) were synthesised and synthesised compounds were characterised for different physical and chemical properties like molecular formula, molecular weight, melting point, percentage yield, Rf value, IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and mass spectroscopy. The newly synthesised benzothiazole derivatives were subsequently assayed in vivo to investigate their hypoglycemic activity by the alloxan-induced diabetic model in rats. Results: All the synthesised derivatives showed significant biological efficacy. The compound 7d at 350 mg/kg exerted maximum glucose lowering effects whereas 7c showed minimum glucose lowering effects. All the compounds were effective, and experimental results were statistically significant at p<0.01 and p<0.05 level.Conclusion: From the results, it is clear that compound 7d demonstrated potent anti-diabetic activity and would be of better use in drug development to combat the metabolic disorder in future

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Combined fracture dislocation of the navicular bone along with cuboid, cuneiform and longitudinal split fracture of the lateral malleolus: a rare combination of fractures

Fracture dislocation of the navicular bone, fracture of the cuboid, cuneiform, and longitudinal split fracture of the lateral malleolus is a rare combination of fractures. This is a high velocity injury fracture and can be caused by forcible plantar flexion and inversion of the foot at the time of impact onto the ground. Here we reported such a case in a 35-year-old male patient who was treated by open reduction and fixation with a partially threaded screw and two K-wires for the navicular bone, and two interfragmentary screws with a one third tubular plate for the lateral malleolus. K-wires were removed 6 weeks after surgery followed by partial weight bearing. After 6 months, the patient can walk normally with minimal pain and swelling of the foot. Key words: Arthritis; Navicular fracture dislocation; Split fracture of lateral malleolu

Double stranded RNAs as gene silencing tool: An overview

460-470Gene silencing has evolved in a broad range of organisms probably as defense mechanism against invasive nucleic acids. RNA interference (RNAi) is a process of sequence specific post-transcriptional gene silencing that has been triggered by double stranded RNA ds(RNA) in a wide variety of organisms. Two major strategies are utilized. Transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) acts to prevent RNA synthesis and post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) acts to degrade existing RNA. Introducing transgenes, RNA viruses, or DNA sequences that are homologous to expressed genes can activate silencing. RNA silencing is a potent means to counteract foreign sequences and its use had made it possible to ascribe certain biological functions to sequenced genes. It could play an important role in the development of functional genomics. This review elaborates the current progress on the understanding of the molecular basis of RNA silencing and further possibilities to use this as a technique to develop novel therapeutic molecules

Edible vaccines: A new approach to oral immunization

283-294Edible vaccines offer exciting possibilities for significantly reducing the burden of diseases like hepatitis and diarrhoea, particularly in developing world where storing and administering vaccines are the major problems. Edible vaccines are prepared by molecular farming using the science of genetic engineering. Selected genes are introduced into the plants. The transgenic plant is then induced to manufacture the encoded protein. Owing to its low cost, it will be suitable for developing countries like India. Edible vaccines are mucosal-targeted vaccines, which cause stimulation of both systematic and mucosal immune response. Edible vaccines are being developed for various diseases, such as measles, cholera and hepatitis B, and many more are in the process of development. Thus, they may also help to suppress autoimmune disorders such as Type-I diabetes, diarrhoea, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. Human trials conducted by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), US Department of Health and Human Services, USA show that edible vaccines are feasible. ProdiGene, a biotech company, has a patent for vaccine against, viral diseases of hepatitis and transmissible gastroenteritis virus. This review comprises methods of preparation, mechanism of action, recent developments, clinical trials and therapeutic applications of edible vaccines