The state of the Martian climate

60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981–2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes

Redningsaksjon for Vossolaksen 2010-2020 -status per 2021

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Redningsaksjon for Vossolaksen 2010-2020 -status per 2021

Målet for redningsaksjonen er å reetablere Vossolaksen som en selvreproduserende og høstbar bestand som ikke er genetisk påvirket av rømt oppdrettslaks. Med grunnlag i en omfattende dokumentasjon av bestandssituasjon og trusselfaktorer tok miljøforvaltningen i 2010 initiativ til en redningsaksjon for Vossolaksen i perioden 2010-2020. Prosjektet har vært gjennomført som et samarbeid mellom forskning, forvaltning, lokale interessenter og flere næringsaktører, spesielt fiskeoppdrettsnæringen gjennom Vossolauget og kraftprodusenten Eviny (BKK). Et første tiltak var å bygge opp gytebestanden ved å sette ut smolt produsert ved Voss klekkeri med opphav fra genbanken. Dette fungerte forutsatt at smolten ble slept ut fjordene i en tank eller merd før slipp. Laks som returnerte fra disse slepene sikret at gytebestandsmålet ble nådd i minst 8 av årene i perioden 2011-2021. Dette har ført til økt gyting, økte tettheter av ungfisk og økt antall utvandrende smolt fra og med årene 2014/2015. Det viktigste målet for redningsaksjonen var at gytebestandsmålet skulle nås med naturlig rekruttert laks innen 2020 dvs. uten bruk av bidrag fra kultivert smolt slept ut fjordene. Resultatene tilsier at ca. 25 til 50 % av denne målsettingen er oppnådd de siste fem årene (2017-2021). Gytebestandsmålet for naturlig rekruttert laks er derfor ikke nådd. Kraftproduksjon og andre inngrep i vassdraget påvirker bestanden. De bidrar til redusert produksjon av laksesmolt, men ser ikke ut til å ha et omfang som kan være til hinder for å reetablere laksestammen. Estimatene tilsier at det årlig vandrer ut minst 30000 smolt fra Vossovassdraget. En forholdsvis lav sjøoverlevelse på cirka 3 prosent ville være nok til å sikre gytebestandsmålet. Resultatene viser imidlertid at den reelle sjøoverlevelsen for smolt som vandrer ut fra Vossovassdraget er unormalt lav, dvs. rundt 1 % eller lavere. Lav sjøoverlevelse er også dokumentert for naboelvene Daleelva, Ekso og Modalselva. Mye smolt blir spist av annen fisk under smoltutvandringen i vassdraget og særlig i innsjøene (Vangsvatnet og Evangervatnet), men også på strekningen Bolstadfjorden-Straume. I hvor stor grad denne predasjonen avviker fra en naturlig tilstand er usikkert. Predasjon er en velkjent og naturlig årsak til tap av laksesmolt. Denne problemstillingen vil bli nærmere belyst i et pågående prosjekt finansiert av Norges Forskningsråd. Når smolten har forlatt vassdraget venter en stor utfordring i form av en kompleks fjordvandring med mulig samvirkende effekter av predasjon, aluminium (forsuring) og lakselus. En langtidsserie basert på 88 forsøksgrupper i årene 2000-2019 viser at laksesmolt som gis fôr som beskytter mot lakselus har en større gjenfangst som voksne laks, men at denne effekten har blitt svakere over tid. Dette skyldes mest sannsynlig resistensutvikling hos lusen. Samtidig har man siden 2009 funnet en klar sammenheng mellom lusetrykk målt som antall lus på sjøaure ved Herdla og hvor mange voksne laks som gjenfanges fra forsøksgruppene. Samlet peker disse forsøkene på et klart behov for å redusere lusemengden i smoltens utvandringsrute for å lykkes med reetableringsarbeidet. Etter at slepene som planlagt opphørte fra og med 2020 vil bidraget fra klekkerismolt fases ut. Dette er nødvendig for å reetablere en naturlig gytende laksebestand. Målet er at Vossolaksen vil tilpasses de naturgitte forholdene ved naturlig seleksjon gjennom hele livssyklusen og er vanlig framgangsmåte når en laksestamme skal reetableres i naturen. For at strategien skal lykkes viser resultatene et klart behov for mer effektive tiltak rettet mot lakselus. Genetiske undersøkninger viser at laksebestanden i Vossovassdraget og omkringliggende bestander er sterkt påvirket av innkrysning av rømt oppdrettslaks. For å sikre en sterk og levedyktig bestand vil det være viktig å forhindre ytterligere påvirkning fra rømt oppdrettslaks. Tiltak for å unngå rømming og å ta ut rømt oppdrettslaks fra bestanden vil være viktig. Laksebestandene i regionen er genetisk forskjellige, men både innkrysning av rømt oppdrettslaks og utsetting av kultivert fisk kan føre til unaturlig stor genetisk utveksling og bryte ned lokal genetisk tilpasning. I senere år har det blitt benyttet molekylærgenetiske metoder for å estimere effektivt antall gytelaks i Vossovassdraget og denne metoden sammen med estimat av innkrysning av rømt oppdrettslaks vil være nyttige verktøy for å overvåke bestandsutviklingen. I tillegg til å redusere effektene av lakselus og rømt fisk, er det behov for tiltak både i vassdraget og i fjordene som kan øke antallet smolt som forlater vassdraget, og klarer vandringen ut til beiteområdene i havet. Foreliggende kunnskapsstatus gir et godt faglig grunnlag for prioriteringer og gjennomføring av tiltak for å sikre Vossolaksen.publishedVersio

State of the climate in 2018

In 2018, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—continued their increase. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface was 407.4 ± 0.1 ppm, the highest in the modern instrumental record and in ice core records dating back 800 000 years. Combined, greenhouse gases and several halogenated gases contribute just over 3 W m−2 to radiative forcing and represent a nearly 43% increase since 1990. Carbon dioxide is responsible for about 65% of this radiative forcing. With a weak La Niña in early 2018 transitioning to a weak El Niño by the year’s end, the global surface (land and ocean) temperature was the fourth highest on record, with only 2015 through 2017 being warmer. Several European countries reported record high annual temperatures. There were also more high, and fewer low, temperature extremes than in nearly all of the 68-year extremes record. Madagascar recorded a record daily temperature of 40.5°C in Morondava in March, while South Korea set its record high of 41.0°C in August in Hongcheon. Nawabshah, Pakistan, recorded its highest temperature of 50.2°C, which may be a new daily world record for April. Globally, the annual lower troposphere temperature was third to seventh highest, depending on the dataset analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was approximately fifth lowest. The 2018 Arctic land surface temperature was 1.2°C above the 1981–2010 average, tying for third highest in the 118-year record, following 2016 and 2017. June’s Arctic snow cover extent was almost half of what it was 35 years ago. Across Greenland, however, regional summer temperatures were generally below or near average. Additionally, a satellite survey of 47 glaciers in Greenland indicated a net increase in area for the first time since records began in 1999. Increasing permafrost temperatures were reported at most observation sites in the Arctic, with the overall increase of 0.1°–0.2°C between 2017 and 2018 being comparable to the highest rate of warming ever observed in the region. On 17 March, Arctic sea ice extent marked the second smallest annual maximum in the 38-year record, larger than only 2017. The minimum extent in 2018 was reached on 19 September and again on 23 September, tying 2008 and 2010 for the sixth lowest extent on record. The 23 September date tied 1997 as the latest sea ice minimum date on record. First-year ice now dominates the ice cover, comprising 77% of the March 2018 ice pack compared to 55% during the 1980s. Because thinner, younger ice is more vulnerable to melting out in summer, this shift in sea ice age has contributed to the decreasing trend in minimum ice extent. Regionally, Bering Sea ice extent was at record lows for almost the entire 2017/18 ice season. For the Antarctic continent as a whole, 2018 was warmer than average. On the highest points of the Antarctic Plateau, the automatic weather station Relay (74°S) broke or tied six monthly temperature records throughout the year, with August breaking its record by nearly 8°C. However, cool conditions in the western Bellingshausen Sea and Amundsen Sea sector contributed to a low melt season overall for 2017/18. High SSTs contributed to low summer sea ice extent in the Ross and Weddell Seas in 2018, underpinning the second lowest Antarctic summer minimum sea ice extent on record. Despite conducive conditions for its formation, the ozone hole at its maximum extent in September was near the 2000–18 mean, likely due to an ongoing slow decline in stratospheric chlorine monoxide concentration. Across the oceans, globally averaged SST decreased slightly since the record El Niño year of 2016 but was still far above the climatological mean. On average, SST is increasing at a rate of 0.10° ± 0.01°C decade−1 since 1950. The warming appeared largest in the tropical Indian Ocean and smallest in the North Pacific. The deeper ocean continues to warm year after year. For the seventh consecutive year, global annual mean sea level became the highest in the 26-year record, rising to 81 mm above the 1993 average. As anticipated in a warming climate, the hydrological cycle over the ocean is accelerating: dry regions are becoming drier and wet regions rainier. Closer to the equator, 95 named tropical storms were observed during 2018, well above the 1981–2010 average of 82. Eleven tropical cyclones reached Saffir–Simpson scale Category 5 intensity. North Atlantic Major Hurricane Michael’s landfall intensity of 140 kt was the fourth strongest for any continental U.S. hurricane landfall in the 168-year record. Michael caused more than 30 fatalities and $25 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages. In the western North Pacific, Super Typhoon Mangkhut led to 160 fatalities and$6 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages across the Philippines, Hong Kong, Macau, mainland China, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Tropical Storm Son-Tinh was responsible for 170 fatalities in Vietnam and Laos. Nearly all the islands of Micronesia experienced at least moderate impacts from various tropical cyclones. Across land, many areas around the globe received copious precipitation, notable at different time scales. Rodrigues and Réunion Island near southern Africa each reported their third wettest year on record. In Hawaii, 1262 mm precipitation at Waipā Gardens (Kauai) on 14–15 April set a new U.S. record for 24-h precipitation. In Brazil, the city of Belo Horizonte received nearly 75 mm of rain in just 20 minutes, nearly half its monthly average. Globally, fire activity during 2018 was the lowest since the start of the record in 1997, with a combined burned area of about 500 million hectares. This reinforced the long-term downward trend in fire emissions driven by changes in land use in frequently burning savannas. However, wildfires burned 3.5 million hectares across the United States, well above the 2000–10 average of 2.7 million hectares. Combined, U.S. wildfire damages for the 2017 and 2018 wildfire seasons exceeded $40 billion (U.S. dollars)

The Arctic

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Bygdetorget: e-commerce

Vi har utviklet en nettportal (torgplass) primært for landbruksprodukter. Applikasjonen er en markedsplass for leverandører av produkter(varer og tjenester) og kjøpere. Bygdetorget.no er en videreutvikling av open source e-handel applikasjonen Zen Cart™. Denne benytter php som programmeringsspråk og MySQL som database Vi har endret Zen Cart™.fra å være en e-handel applikasjon til å bli en nettportal. Dette ved å gi mulighet til å registrere leverandør, en leverandør kan registrere produkter, varslinger i form av epost og SMS meldinger og nytt faktura system. Som systemutviklingsmodell har vi benyttet FDD. Dette fordi vi hadde en overordnet modell av systemet og kunne dele opp utviklingen i features. Modellen gir mulighet til endringer av spesifikasjonen under veis, som er benyttet

Diagnostic and referral delay in patients with aortic stenosis is common and negatively affects outcome

OBJECTIVE: Aortic stenosis (AS) patients are often severely symptomatic at the time of aortic valve replacement (AVR). We wanted to investigate doctors' delay and its impact on outcome. DESIGN: AS patients undergoing AVR (n = 422) were included. Clinical and echocardiographic data at the time of diagnosis and preoperatively were noted. The risk of death after AVR was estimated using Poisson regression, incorporating age, gender, coronary artery disease, NYHA III/IV and time on the waiting list for AVR. RESULTS: The age (mean+/-SD) was 71+/-8.6 years, 45% were women, and 48% were in NYHA III/IV. 55% underwent AVR within one year of diagnosis, indicating late diagnosis. The time from referral to AVR (median, range) was 112 (1-803) days. NYHA III/IV independently predicted mortality (hazard ratio 1.76, 95% CI 1.28-2.43, p = 0.0005). The time from referral to AVR influenced the risk of death immediately after operation (p = 0.0083). CONCLUSION: Late diagnosis and late referral for AVR are common, and negatively influence outcome in patients with AS. Delay in surgery after referral increase the mortality immediately after AVR

Evaluation of Time Transfer Units for Time and Frequency Transfer in Optical Fibers Utilizing a Passive Technique based on SONET/SDH

The time transfer method of using passive listening and detection of SDH frame headers in fiber-optical networks has been presented earlier. Previous results, using commercialized equipment and commercial fiber-links, have shown that time transfer with a precision of the order of a few nanoseconds is possible over links with network distances exceeding 1100 km. The motivation of the work has been to develop an alternative and complementary time transfer method using existing infrastructure and to make it accessible to regular users of time keeping equipment.All previous reported experimental results were performed by SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden in commercial data communication networks in Sweden and Finland. This paper will report on the recent results from an experimental fiber test network implemented at the U.S. Naval Observatory. The fiber network is in a loop-back configuration with the two node elements in the same rack. The fiber link that connects the nodes is in an environmental chamber that allows a means to apply controlled fiber length fluctuations to the link. The performance of the Time Transfer Unit (TTU) was evaluated in this setting. This will be the first independent evaluation of the TTU equipment

Evaluation of Time Transfer Units for Time and Frequency Transfer in Optical Fibers Utilizing a Passive Technique based on SONET/SDH

The time transfer method of using passive listening and detection of SDH frame headers in fiber-optical networks has been presented earlier. Previous results, using commercialized equipment and commercial fiber-links, have shown that time transfer with a precision of the order of a few nanoseconds is possible over links with network distances exceeding 1100 km. The motivation of the work has been to develop an alternative and complementary time transfer method using existing infrastructure and to make it accessible to regular users of time keeping equipment.All previous reported experimental results were performed by SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden in commercial data communication networks in Sweden and Finland. This paper will report on the recent results from an experimental fiber test network implemented at the U.S. Naval Observatory. The fiber network is in a loop-back configuration with the two node elements in the same rack. The fiber link that connects the nodes is in an environmental chamber that allows a means to apply controlled fiber length fluctuations to the link. The performance of the Time Transfer Unit (TTU) was evaluated in this setting. This will be the first independent evaluation of the TTU equipment