A Review of Different Applications of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) in Monitoring Rehabilitation

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative brain disorder that affects movement. The lack of dopamine in the brain cells causes patients have lesser ability to regulate movement and emotions as time goes on. There is no cure for this disease. Although drug therapies are successful for some patients, most of the patients usually develop motor complications. In this paper, we presented our work towards the comparison of several wireless sensor network (WSN) systems for monitoring Parkinson’s patients. The designs of each system are explored. The parts being considered to design a wireless sensor network and limitations are discussed. These findings helped us to suggest a possible wireless sensor network system to supervise Parkinson’s diseases patients for a more extended period of time

Many private mutations originate from the first few divisions of a human colorectal adenoma.

Intratumoural mutational heterogeneity (ITH) or the presence of different private mutations in different parts of the same tumour is commonly observed in human tumours. The mechanisms generating such ITH are uncertain. Here we find that ITH can be remarkably well structured by measuring point mutations, chromosome copy numbers, and DNA passenger methylation from opposite sides and individual glands of a 6 cm human colorectal adenoma. ITH was present between tumour sides and individual glands, but the private mutations were side-specific and subdivided the adenoma into two major subclones. Furthermore, ITH disappeared within individual glands because the glands were clonal populations composed of cells with identical mutant genotypes. Despite mutation clonality, the glands were relatively old, diverse populations when their individual cells were compared for passenger methylation and by FISH. These observations can be organized into an expanding star-like ancestral tree with co-clonal expansion, where many private mutations and multiple related clones arise during the first few divisions. As a consequence, most detectable mutational ITH in the final tumour originates from the first few divisions. Much of the early history of a tumour, especially the first few divisions, may be embedded within the detectable ITH of tumour genomes

Optical chemosensors and reagents to detect explosives

[EN] This critical review is focused on examples reported from 1947 to 2010 related to the design of chromo-fluorogenic chemosensors and reagents for explosives (141 references). © 2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry.Financial support from the Spanish Government (project MAT2009-14564-C04) and the Generalitat Valencia (project PROMETEO/2009/016) is gratefully acknowledged. Y.S. is grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for her grant.Salinas Soler, Y.; Martínez Mañez, R.; Marcos Martínez, MD.; Sancenón Galarza, F.; Costero Nieto, AM.; Parra Álvarez, M.; Gil Grau, S. (2012). Optical chemosensors and reagents to detect explosives. Chemical Society Reviews. 41(3):1261-1296. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cs15173hS12611296413Furton, K. (2001). The scientific foundation and efficacy of the use of canines as chemical detectors for explosives. Talanta, 54(3), 487-500. doi:10.1016/s0039-9140(00)00546-4H�kansson, K., Coorey, R. V., Zubarev, R. A., Talrose, V. L., & H�kansson, P. 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Macromolecules, 42(17), 6501-6509. doi:10.1021/ma900756wChang, C.-P., Chao, C.-Y., Huang, J. H., Li, A.-K., Hsu, C.-S., Lin, M.-S., … Su, A.-C. (2004). Fluorescent conjugated polymer films as TNT chemosensors. Synthetic Metals, 144(3), 297-301. doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2004.04.003Levitsky, I. A., Euler, W. B., Tokranova, N., & Rose, A. (2007). Fluorescent polymer-porous silicon microcavity devices for explosive detection. Applied Physics Letters, 90(4), 041904. doi:10.1063/1.2432247Chen, L., McBranch, D., Wang, R., & Whitten, D. (2000). Surfactant-induced modification of quenching of conjugated polymer fluorescence by electron acceptors: applications for chemical sensing. Chemical Physics Letters, 330(1-2), 27-33. doi:10.1016/s0009-2614(00)00970-2Rose, A., Zhu, Z., Madigan, C. F., Swager, T. M., & Bulović, V. (2005). Sensitivity gains in chemosensing by lasing action in organic polymers. Nature, 434(7035), 876-879. doi:10.1038/nature03438Tamao, K., Uchida, M., Izumizawa, T., Furukawa, K., & Yamaguchi, S. (1996). Silole Derivatives as Efficient Electron Transporting Materials. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 118(47), 11974-11975. doi:10.1021/ja962829cSohn, H., Huddleston, R. R., Powell, D. R., West, R., Oka, K., & Yonghua, X. (1999). An Electroluminescent Polysilole and Some Dichlorooligosiloles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 121(12), 2935-2936. doi:10.1021/ja983350iOhshita, J., & Kunai, A. (1998). Polymers with alternating organosilicon and π-conjugated units. Acta Polymerica, 49(8), 379-403. doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4044(199808)49:83.0.co;2-zToal, S. J., Magde, D., & Trogler, W. C. (2005). Luminescent oligo(tetraphenyl)silole nanoparticles as chemical sensors for aqueous TNT. Chemical Communications, (43), 5465. doi:10.1039/b509404fSohn, H., Sailor, M. J., Magde, D., & Trogler, W. C. (2003). Detection of Nitroaromatic Explosives Based on Photoluminescent Polymers Containing Metalloles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 125(13), 3821-3830. doi:10.1021/ja021214eSanchez, J. C., DiPasquale, A. G., Rheingold, A. L., & Trogler, W. C. (2007). Synthesis, Luminescence Properties, and Explosives Sensing with 1,1-Tetraphenylsilole- and 1,1-Silafluorene-vinylene Polymers. Chemistry of Materials, 19(26), 6459-6470. doi:10.1021/cm702299gSanchez, J. C., Urbas, S. A., Toal, S. J., DiPasquale, A. G., Rheingold, A. L., & Trogler, W. C. (2008). Catalytic Hydrosilylation Routes to Divinylbenzene Bridged Silole and Silafluorene Polymers. Applications to Surface Imaging of Explosive Particulates. Macromolecules, 41(4), 1237-1245. doi:10.1021/ma702274cSanchez, J. C., & Trogler, W. C. (2008). Efficient blue-emitting silafluorene–fluorene-conjugated copolymers: selective turn-off/turn-on detection of explosives. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 18(26), 3143. doi:10.1039/b802623hLiu, J., Zhong, Y., Lam, J. W. Y., Lu, P., Hong, Y., Yu, Y., … Tang, B. Z. (2010). Hyperbranched Conjugated Polysiloles: Synthesis, Structure, Aggregation-Enhanced Emission, Multicolor Fluorescent Photopatterning, and Superamplified Detection of Explosives. Macromolecules, 43(11), 4921-4936. doi:10.1021/ma902432mLu, P., Lam, J. W. Y., Liu, J., Jim, C. K. W., Yuan, W., Xie, N., … Tang, B. Z. (2010). Aggregation-Induced Emission in a Hyperbranched Poly(silylenevinylene) and Superamplification in Its Emission Quenching by Explosives. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 31(9-10), 834-839. doi:10.1002/marc.200900794Liu, Y., Mills, R. C., Boncella, J. M., & Schanze, K. S. (2001). Fluorescent Polyacetylene Thin Film Sensor for Nitroaromatics. Langmuir, 17(24), 7452-7455. doi:10.1021/la010696pToy, L. G., Nagai, K., Freeman, B. D., Pinnau, I., He, Z., Masuda, T., … Yampolskii, Y. P. (2000). Pure-Gas and Vapor Permeation and Sorption Properties of Poly[1-phenyl-2-[p-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl]acetylene] (PTMSDPA). Macromolecules, 33(7), 2516-2524. doi:10.1021/ma991566eSaxena, A., Fujiki, M., Rai, R., & Kwak, G. (2005). Fluoroalkylated Polysilane Film as a Chemosensor for Explosive Nitroaromatic Compounds. Chemistry of Materials, 17(8), 2181-2185. doi:10.1021/cm048319wSaxena, A., Rai, R., Kim, S.-Y., Fujiki, M., Naito, M., Okoshi, K., & Kwak, G. (2006). Weak noncovalent Si···FC interactions stabilized fluoroalkylated rod-like polysilanes as ultrasensitive chemosensors. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 44(17), 5060-5075. doi:10.1002/pola.21607Toal, S. J., Sanchez, J. C., Dugan, R. E., & Trogler, W. C. (2007). Visual Detection of Trace Nitroaromatic Explosive Residue Using Photoluminescent Metallole-Containing Polymers. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 52(1), 79-83. doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00332.xStringer, R. C., Gangopadhyay, S., & Grant, S. A. (2010). Detection of Nitroaromatic Explosives Using a Fluorescent-Labeled Imprinted Polymer. Analytical Chemistry, 82(10), 4015-4019. doi:10.1021/ac902838cLi, J., Kendig, C. E., & Nesterov, E. E. (2007). Chemosensory Performance of Molecularly Imprinted Fluorescent Conjugated Polymer Materials. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 129(51), 15911-15918. doi:10.1021/ja0748027Bunte, G., Hürttlen, J., Pontius, H., Hartlieb, K., & Krause, H. (2007). Gas phase detection of explosives such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by molecularly imprinted polymers. Analytica Chimica Acta, 591(1), 49-56. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2007.02.014Zhang, X., & Jenekhe, S. A. (2000). Electroluminescence of Multicomponent Conjugated Polymers. 1. Roles of Polymer/Polymer Interfaces in Emission Enhancement and Voltage-Tunable Multicolor Emission in Semiconducting Polymer/Polymer Heterojunctions. Macromolecules, 33(6), 2069-2082. doi:10.1021/ma991913kHou, S., Ding, M., & Gao, L. (2003). Synthesis and Properties of Polyquinolines and Polyanthrazolines Containing Pyrrole Units in the Main Chain. Macromolecules, 36(11), 3826-3832. doi:10.1021/ma025768dKim, T. H., Kim, H. J., Kwak, C. G., Park, W. H., & Lee, T. S. (2006). Aromatic oxadiazole-based conjugated polymers with excited-state intramolecular proton transfer: Their synthesis and sensing ability for explosive nitroaromatic compounds. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 44(6), 2059-2068. doi:10.1002/pola.21319Nie, H., Zhao, Y., Zhang, M., Ma, Y., Baumgarten, M., & Müllen, K. (2011). Detection of TNT explosives with a new fluorescent conjugated polycarbazole polymer. Chem. Commun., 47(4), 1234-1236. doi:10.1039/c0cc03659eQin, A., Lam, J. W. Y., Tang, L., Jim, C. K. W., Zhao, H., Sun, J., & Tang, B. Z. (2009). Polytriazoles with Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristics: Synthesis by Click Polymerization and Application as Explosive Chemosensors. Macromolecules, 42(5), 1421-1424. doi:10.1021/ma8024706Kumar, A., Pandey, M. K., Anandakathir, R., Mosurkal, R., Parmar, V. S., Watterson, A. C., & Kumar, J. (2010). Sensory response of pegylated and siloxanated 4,8-dimethylcoumarins: A fluorescence quenching study by nitro aromatics. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 147(1), 105-110. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2010.02.004Nguyen, H. H., Li, X., Wang, N., Wang, Z. Y., Ma, J., Bock, W. J., & Ma, D. (2009). Fiber-Optic Detection of Explosives Using Readily Available Fluorescent Polymers. Macromolecules, 42(4), 921-926. doi:10.1021/ma802460qAlbert, K. J., & Walt, D. R. (2000). High-Speed Fluorescence Detection of Explosives-like Vapors. Analytical Chemistry, 72(9), 1947-1955. doi:10.1021/ac991397wGao, D., Wang, Z., Liu, B., Ni, L., Wu, M., & Zhang, Z. (2008). Resonance Energy Transfer-Amplifying Fluorescence Quenching at the Surface of Silica Nanoparticles toward Ultrasensitive Detection of TNT. Analytical Chemistry, 80(22), 8545-8553. doi:10.1021/ac8014356Fang, Q., Geng, J., Liu, B., Gao, D., Li, F., Wang, Z., … Zhang, Z. (2009). Inverted Opal Fluorescent Film Chemosensor for the Detection of Explosive Nitroaromatic Vapors through Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. Chemistry - A European Journal, 15(43), 11507-11514. doi:10.1002/chem.200901488Geng, J., Liu, P., Liu, B., Guan, G., Zhang, Z., & Han, M.-Y. (2010). A Reversible Dual-Response Fluorescence Switch for the Detection of Multiple Analytes. Chemistry - A European Journal, 16(12), 3720-3727. doi:10.1002/chem.200902721Yang, J., Aschemeyer, S., Martinez, H. P., & Trogler, W. C. (2010). Hollow silica nanospheres containing a silafluorene–fluorene conjugated polymer for aqueous TNT and RDX detection. Chemical Communications, 46(36), 6804. doi:10.1039/c0cc01906bFeng, J., Li, Y., & Yang, M. (2010). Conjugated polymer-grafted silica nanoparticles for the sensitive detection of TNT. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 145(1), 438-443. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2009.12.056Tao, S., Shi, Z., Li, G., & Li, P. (2006). Hierarchically Structured Nanocomposite Films as Highly Sensitive Chemosensory Materials for TNT Detection. ChemPhysChem, 7(9), 1902-1905. doi:10.1002/cphc.200600185Tao, S., Yin, J., & Li, G. (2008). High-performance TNT chemosensory materials based on nanocomposites with bimodal porous structures. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 18(40), 4872. doi:10.1039/b802486cTao, S., Li, G., & Zhu, H. (2006). Metalloporphyrins as sensing elements for the rapid detection of trace TNT vapor. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 16(46), 4521. doi:10.1039/b606061gTao, S., & Li, G. (2007). Porphyrin-doped mesoporous silica films for rapid TNT detection. Colloid and Polymer Science, 285(7), 721-728. doi:10.1007/s00396-007-1643-7Yildirim, A., Budunoglu, H., Deniz, H., O. Guler, M., & Bayindir, M. (2010). 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Chemistry - A European Journal, 6(12), 2205-2213. doi:10.1002/1521-3765(20000616)6:123.0.co;2-aKang, J., Ding, L., Lü, F., Zhang, S., & Fang, Y. (2006). Dansyl-based fluorescent film sensor for nitroaromatics in aqueous solution. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 39(23), 5097-5102. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/39/23/030Zhang, S., Lü, F., Gao, L., Ding, L., & Fang, Y. (2007). Fluorescent Sensors for Nitroaromatic Compounds Based on Monolayer Assembly of Polycyclic Aromatics. Langmuir, 23(3), 1584-1590. doi:10.1021/la062773sHe, G., Zhang, G., Lü, F., & Fang, Y. (2009). Fluorescent Film Sensor for Vapor-Phase Nitroaromatic Explosives via Monolayer Assembly of Oligo(diphenylsilane) on Glass Plate Surfaces. Chemistry of Materials, 21(8), 1494-1499. doi:10.1021/cm900013fGoodpaster, J. V., & McGuffin, V. L. (2001). Fluorescence Quenching as an Indirect Detection Method for Nitrated Explosives. Analytical Chemistry, 73(9), 2004-2011. doi:10.1021/ac001347nHughes, A. D., Glenn, I. C., Patrick, A. 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Prostate cancer stem cells and nanotechnology: a focus on Wnt signaling

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men worldwide. However, current treatments for prostate cancer patients in advanced stage often fail because of relapse. Prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) are resistant to most standard therapies, and are considered to be a major mechanism of cancer metastasis and recurrence. In this review, we summarized current understanding of PCSCs and their self-renewal signaling pathways with a specific focus on Wnt signaling. Although multiple Wnt inhibitors have been developed to target PCSCs, their application is still limited by inefficient delivery and toxicity in vivo. Recently, nanotechnology has opened a new avenue for cancer drug delivery, which significantly increases specificity and reduces toxicity. These nanotechnology-based drug delivery methods showed great potential in targeting PCSCs. Here, we summarized current advancement of nanotechnology-based therapeutic strategies for targeting PCSCs and highlighted the challenges and perspectives in designing future therapies to eliminate PCSCs

Ex vivo evaluation of 4 different viscoelastic assays for detecting moderate to severe coagulopathy during liver transplantation

Prolonged prothrombin time (PT) and its ratio are routinely used for the assessment of candidates for liver transplantation (LT), but intraoperative coagulation management of transfusion is hindered by its long turnaround time. Abnormal reaction time (R time) on thromboelastography (TEG) or clotting time (CT) of rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) are presumably an alternative, but there is a paucity of clinical data on abnormal R time/CT values compared to PT during LT. After receiving institutional review board approval and informed consent, we obtained blood samples from 36 LT patients for international normalized ratio (INR), factor (F) X level, and viscoelastic tests (EXTEM/INTEM and kaolin/rapid TEG) at baseline and 30 minutes after graft reperfusion. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated for INR \u3e 1.5 and viscoelastic R time/CT thresholds to assess the ability to diagnose FX deficiency at the moderate (\u3c50%) or severe (\u3c35%) level. The FX deficiency data were calculated using cutoff values of INR (\u3e1.5) and abnormal R time/CT for TEG and ROTEM. Tissue factor (TF)-activated INR and EXTEM-CT performed well in diagnosing FX below 50%, but rapid TEG with combined TF and kaolin activators failed. Improved performance of INTEM-CT in diagnosing FX below 35% underlies multifactorial deficiency involving both intrinsic and common pathways. In conclusion, the differences among different viscoelastic tests and clinical situations should be carefully considered when they are used to guide transfusion during LT

Soil temperature prediction from air temperature for alluvial soils in lower Indo-Gangetic plain

Soil temperature is an important factor in biogeochemical processes. On-site monitoring of soil temperature is limited in spatio-temporal scale as compared to air temperature data inventories due to various management difficulties. Therefore, empirical models were developed by taking 30-year long-term (1985-2014) air and soil temperature data for prediction of soil temperatures at three depths (5, 15, 30 cm) in morning (0636 Indian standard time) and afternoon (1336 Indian standard time) for alluvial soils in lower Indo-Gangetic plain. At 5 cm depth, power and exponential regression models were best fitted for daily data in morning and afternoon, respectively, but it was reverse at 15 cm. However, at 30 cm, exponential models were best fitted for both the times. Regression analysis revealed that in morning for all three depths and in afternoon for 30 cm depth, soil temperatures (daily, weekly, and monthly) could be predicted more efficiently with the help of corresponding mean air temperature than that of maximum and minimum. However, in afternoon, prediction of soil temperature at 5 and 15 cm depths were more precised for all the time intervals when maximum air temperature was used, except for weekly soil temperature at 15 cm, where the use of mean air temperature gave better prediction