The Physics of the B Factories

This work is on the Physics of the B Factories. Part A of this book contains a brief description of the SLAC and KEK B Factories as well as their detectors, BaBar and Belle, and data taking related issues. Part B discusses tools and methods used by the experiments in order to obtain results. The results themselves can be found in Part C

Ca2+-activated Cl− currents are dispensable for olfaction

International audienceCanonical olfactory signal transduction involves the activation of cAMP-activated cation channels that depolarize the cilia of receptor neurons and raise intracellular calcium. Calcium then activates Cl- currents that may be up to 10-fold larger than cation currents and are believed to powerfully amplify the response. We now unambiguously identified Ano2 (Anoctamin2, TMEM16B) as the long-sought ciliary Ca++-activated Cl- channel of olfactory receptor neurons. Ano2 is expressed in the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) that additionally expresses the related Ano1 channel. Disruption of Ano2 in mice virtually abolished Ca++-activated Cl- currents in the MOE and VNO. Surprisingly, Ano2 disruption reduced fluid phase electroolfactogram responses by only ~40%, did not change air phase electroolfactograms, and did not reduce performance in olfactory behavioral tasks. In contrast to the current view, cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels do not need a boost by Cl- channels to achieve near-physiological levels of olfaction