Stimulative Work Valuation Among Real Estate Practitioners in Asia

Real estate or property production has been recognized as one of Asia's key industries. Based on this significance, the authors assessed the work centrality and working values of real estate practitioners in established Asian countries. Based on the findings, in terms of work centrality, Japan was rated high on work centrality as very important in six life aspects among the five countries, followed by Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Myanmar. Findings on work values were all significant among the five countries, headed by Japan, Indonesia, Myanmar, Malaysia, and the Philippines. There is a substantial difference in the perception of work centrality among respondents in five countries, as revealed by Indonesia and Myanmar and Myanmar and Japan. Some countries differ in work values as manifested by Malaysia and Japan, highly significant, like Myanmar and Japan, and the Philippines. Enablers for success in the real estate profession include enterprising and conventional interests and various work values listed by experts in the field. Based on the study's findings, it can be seen that work centrality and work values among the five Asian countries differ from each other. Capability Building Index is now recommended for adoption by the real estate practitioners

Search for Early Gamma-ray Production in Supernovae Located in a Dense Circumstellar Medium with the Fermi LAT

Supernovae (SNe) exploding in a dense circumstellar medium (CSM) are hypothesized to accelerate cosmic rays in collisionless shocks and emit GeV gamma rays and TeV neutrinos on a time scale of several months. We perform the first systematic search for gamma-ray emission in Fermi LAT data in the energy range from 100 MeV to 300 GeV from the ensemble of 147 SNe Type IIn exploding in dense CSM. We search for a gamma-ray excess at each SNe location in a one year time window. In order to enhance a possible weak signal, we simultaneously study the closest and optically brightest sources of our sample in a joint-likelihood analysis in three different time windows (1 year, 6 months and 3 months). For the most promising source of the sample, SN 2010jl (PTF10aaxf), we repeat the analysis with an extended time window lasting 4.5 years. We do not find a significant excess in gamma rays for any individual source nor for the combined sources and provide model-independent flux upper limits for both cases. In addition, we derive limits on the gamma-ray luminosity and the ratio of gamma-ray-to-optical luminosity ratio as a function of the index of the proton injection spectrum assuming a generic gamma-ray production model. Furthermore, we present detailed flux predictions based on multi-wavelength observations and the corresponding flux upper limit at 95% confidence level (CL) for the source SN 2010jl (PTF10aaxf).Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. Corresponding author: A. Franckowiak ([email protected]), updated author list and acknowledgement

Gamma-Ray Emission Concurrent with the Nova in the Symbiotic Binary V407 Cygni

Novae are thermonuclear explosions on a white dwarf surface fueled by mass accreted from a companion star. Current physical models posit that shocked expanding gas from the nova shell can produce X-ray emission but emission at higher energies has not been widely expected. Here, we report the Fermi Large Area Telescope detection of variable gamma-ray (0.1-10 GeV) emission from the recently-detected optical nova of the symbiotic star V407 Cygni. We propose that the material of the nova shell interacts with the dense ambient medium of the red giant primary, and that particles can be accelerated effectively to produce pi0 decay gamma-rays from proton-proton interactions. Emission involving inverse Compton scattering of the red giant radiation is also considered and is not ruled out.Comment: 38 pages, includes Supplementary Online Material; corresponding authors: C.C. Cheung, A.B. Hill, P. Jean, S. Razzaque, K.S. Woo

Constraints on the Cosmic-Ray Density Gradient beyond the Solar Circle from Fermi gamma-ray Observations of the Third Galactic Quadrant

We report an analysis of the interstellar $\gamma$-ray emission in the third Galactic quadrant measured by the {Fermi} Large Area Telescope. The window encompassing the Galactic plane from longitude 210\arcdeg to 250\arcdeg has kinematically well-defined segments of the Local and the Perseus arms, suitable to study the cosmic-ray densities across the outer Galaxy. We measure no large gradient with Galactocentric distance of the $\gamma$-ray emissivities per interstellar H atom over the regions sampled in this study. The gradient depends, however, on the optical depth correction applied to derive the \HI\ column densities. No significant variations are found in the interstellar spectra in the outer Galaxy, indicating similar shapes of the cosmic-ray spectrum up to the Perseus arm for particles with GeV to tens of GeV energies. The emissivity as a function of Galactocentric radius does not show a large enhancement in the spiral arms with respect to the interarm region. The measured emissivity gradient is flatter than expectations based on a cosmic-ray propagation model using the radial distribution of supernova remnants and uniform diffusion properties. In this context, observations require a larger halo size and/or a flatter CR source distribution than usually assumed. The molecular mass calibrating ratio, $X_{\rm CO} = N({\rm H_{2}})/W_{\rm CO}$, is found to be $(2.08 \pm 0.11) \times 10^{20} {\rm cm^{-2} (K km s^{-1})^{-1}}$ in the Local-arm clouds and is not significantly sensitive to the choice of \HI\ spin temperature. No significant variations are found for clouds in the interarm region.Comment: Corresponding authors: I. A. Grenier ([email protected]); T. Mizuno ([email protected]); L. Tibaldo ([email protected]) accepted for publication in Ap

Fermi-LAT Study of Gamma-ray Emission in the Direction of Supernova Remnant W49B

We present an analysis of the gamma-ray data obtained with the Large Area Telescope (LAT) onboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope in the direction of SNR W49B (G43.3-0.2). A bright unresolved gamma-ray source detected at a significance of 38 sigma is found to coincide with SNR W49B. The energy spectrum in the 0.2-200 GeV range gradually steepens toward high energies. The luminosity is estimated to be 1.5x10^{36} (D/8 kpc)^2 erg s^-1 in this energy range. There is no indication that the gamma-ray emission comes from a pulsar. Assuming that the SNR shell is the site of gamma-ray production, the observed spectrum can be explained either by the decay of neutral pi mesons produced through the proton-proton collisions or by electron bremsstrahlung. The calculated energy density of relativistic particles responsible for the LAT flux is estimated to be remarkably large, U_{e,p}>10^4 eV cm^-3, for either gamma-ray production mechanism.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figure

Multiwavelength Evidence for Quasi-periodic Modulation in the Gamma-ray Blazar PG 1553+113

We report for the first time a gamma-ray and multi-wavelength nearly-periodic oscillation in an active galactic nucleus. Using the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) we have discovered an apparent quasi-periodicity in the gamma-ray flux (E >100 MeV) from the GeV/TeV BL Lac object PG 1553+113. The marginal significance of the 2.18 +/-0.08 year-period gamma-ray cycle is strengthened by correlated oscillations observed in radio and optical fluxes, through data collected in the OVRO, Tuorla, KAIT, and CSS monitoring programs and Swift UVOT. The optical cycle appearing in ~10 years of data has a similar period, while the 15 GHz oscillation is less regular than seen in the other bands. Further long-term multi-wavelength monitoring of this blazar may discriminate among the possible explanations for this quasi-periodicity.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures. Accepted to The Astrophysical Journal Letters. Corresponding authors: S. Ciprini (ASDC/INFN), S. Cutini (ASDC/INFN), S. Larsson (Stockholm Univ/KTH), A. Stamerra (INAF/SNS), D. J. Thompson (NASA GSFC

Gamma-ray flares from the Crab Nebula

A young and energetic pulsar powers the well-known Crab Nebula. Here we describe two separate gamma-ray (photon energy >100 MeV) flares from this source detected by the Large Area Telescope on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. The first flare occurred in February 2009 and lasted approximately 16 days. The second flare was detected in September 2010 and lasted approximately 4 days. During these outbursts the gamma-ray flux from the nebula increased by factors of four and six, respectively. The brevity of the flares implies that the gamma rays were emitted via synchrotron radiation from PeV (10^15 eV) electrons in a region smaller than 1.4 10^-2 pc. These are the highest energy particles that can be associated with a discrete astronomical source, and they pose challenges to particle acceleration theory.Comment: Contact authors: Rolf Buehler,[email protected]; Stefan Funk,[email protected]; Roger Blandford,rdb3@stanford ; 16 pages,2 figure

Searches for Cosmic-Ray Electron Anisotropies with the Fermi Large Area Telescope

The Large Area Telescope on board the \textit{Fermi} satellite (\textit{Fermi}-LAT) detected more than 1.6 million cosmic-ray electrons/positrons with energies above 60 GeV during its first year of operation. The arrival directions of these events were searched for anisotropies of angular scale extending from $\sim$ 10 $^\circ$ up to 90$^\circ$, and of minimum energy extending from 60 GeV up to 480 GeV. Two independent techniques were used to search for anisotropies, both resulting in null results. Upper limits on the degree of the anisotropy were set that depended on the analyzed energy range and on the anisotropy's angular scale. The upper limits for a dipole anisotropy ranged from $\sim0.5$ to $\sim10$.Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in Physical Review D - contact authors: M.N. Mazziotta and V. Vasileio

Fermi LAT observations of the Geminga pulsar

We report on the \textit{Fermi}-LAT observations of the Geminga pulsar, the second brightest non-variable GeV source in the $\gamma$-ray sky and the first example of a radio-quiet $\gamma$-ray pulsar. The observations cover one year, from the launch of the $Fermi$ satellite through 2009 June 15. A data sample of over 60,000 photons enabled us to build a timing solution based solely on $\gamma$ rays. Timing analysis shows two prominent peaks, separated by $\Delta \phi$ = 0.497 $\pm$ 0.004 in phase, which narrow with increasing energy. Pulsed $\gamma$ rays are observed beyond 18 GeV, precluding emission below 2.7 stellar radii because of magnetic absorption. The phase-averaged spectrum was fitted with a power law with exponential cut-off of spectral index $\Gamma$ = (1.30 $\pm$ 0.01 $\pm$ 0.04), cut-off energy $E_{0}$ = (2.46 $\pm$ 0.04 $\pm$ 0.17) GeV and an integral photon flux above 0.1 GeV of (4.14 $\pm$ 0.02 $\pm$ 0.32) $\times$ 10$^{-6}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. The first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic. The phase-resolved spectroscopy shows a clear evolution of the spectral parameters, with the spectral index reaching a minimum value just before the leading peak and the cut-off energy having maxima around the peaks. Phase-resolved spectroscopy reveals that pulsar emission is present at all rotational phases. The spectral shape, broad pulse profile, and maximum photon energy favor the outer magnetospheric emission scenarios.Comment: 32 pages, 12 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal. Corresponding authors: Denis Dumora ([email protected]), Fabio Gargano ([email protected]), Massimiliano Razzano ([email protected]

Fermi Discovery of Gamma-Ray Emission from NGC 1275

We report the discovery of high-energy (E>100 MeV) gamma-ray emission from NGC 1275, a giant elliptical galaxy lying at the center of the Perseus cluster of galaxies, based on observations made with the Large Area Telescope (LAT) of the Fermi Gamma ray Space Telescope. The positional center of the gamma-ray source is only ~3' away from the NGC 1275 nucleus, well within the 95% LAT error circle of ~5'.The spatial distribution of gamma-ray photons is consistent with a point source. The average flux and power-law photon index measured with the LAT from 2008 August 4 to 2008 December 5 are F_gamma = (2.10+-0.23)x 10^{-7} ph (>100 MeV) cm^{-2} s^{-1} and Gamma = 2.17+-0.05, respectively. The measurements are statistically consistent with constant flux during the four-month LAT observing period.Previous EGRET observations gave an upper limit of F_gamma 100 MeV) cm^{-2} s^{-1} to the gamma-ray flux from NGC 1275. This indicates that the source is variable on timescales of years to decades, and therefore restricts the fraction of emission that can be produced in extended regions of the galaxy cluster. Contemporaneous and historical radio observations are also reported. The broadband spectrum of NGC 1275 is modeled with a simple one-zone synchrotron/synchrotron self-Compton model and a model with a decelerating jet flow.Comment: 27 pages, 7 figures, Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa