En polakk i norsk fortid. Om feil de polskspråklige norskinnlærerne gjør i bruk av perfektum og preteritum

The following paper proves that crosslinguistic influence is the cause of mistakes made by Polish learners of Norwegian as a second language (L2) in their use of Norwegian tenses: perfektum and preteritum. The mistakes seem to be characteristic only for Polish L2 users of Norwegian and not necessarily  for other (at least English and German) L2 users of the language. The paper also mentions some factors which affect the occurrence of transfer. As a conclusion, some arguments are proposed for classifying the transfer as conceptual

En kontrastiv analyse av norske og polske fortidstempora i et andrespråksperspektiv

Formålet med denne artikkelen* er å redegjøre for hovedforskjellene mellom det norske og det polske tempussystemet med særlig vekt på det å uttrykke fortid ved hjelp av norsk presens perfektum og preteritum og polsk czas przeszÅy («preteritum»). Studien min viser for det første hvor (u)likt det norske og det polske språket danner grammatisk temporalitet, noe som ikke bare gjenspeiles i det ulike antallet verbkategorier i språkene, men også i hva som blir tillagt mest vekt. I norsk er tempus den viktigste verbkategorien, mens i polsk er det aspekt som er viktigst. Videre viser en sammenligning av tempussystemene at deres oppbygging er forskjellig i norsk og polsk. Den viktigste delen av artikkelen går ut på at jeg presenterer en sammenligning av norske og polske fortidstempora som viser hvilke polske tempusformer (og andre konstruksjoner) som brukes der hvor det i norsk brukes presens perfektum og preteritum. Jeg presenterer dessuten de hyppigste feilene de polskspråklige norskinnlærerne gjør i bruk av norske fortidstempora. Mye tyder på at transferbaserte feil i bruk av norsk presens perfektum og preteritum, kan begrenses gjennom erfaring med fortidstempora i norsk og gjennom undervisning. En kontrastiv analyse kan derfor være til nytte for lærere som underviser i norsk for polakker, og kan bidra til å belyse selve innlæringsprosessen for innlærerne

Adjektivbøyning i norsk – kongruenstilegnelse hos polskspråklige norskinnlærere

Wydział Neofilologii: Katedra SkandynawistykiPrzedmiotem niniejszej rozprawy jest akwizycja kongruencji przymiotników przez polskojęzycznych uczących się języka norweskiego jako drugiego. Teoretyczną podstawę pracy stanowią kognitywne teorie akwizycji języka. Głównym celem rozprawy jest przedstawienie kompetencji polskojęzycznych uczących się w zakresie odmiany norweskich przymiotników poprzez analizę poprawnie i niepoprawnie odmienionych przymiotników oraz zbadanie czynników mogących oddziaływać na akwizycję. Pod uwagę wzięto następujące czynniki: 1) lingwistyczne (kontekst gramatyczny, w którym przymiotnik się znajduje i paradygmat odmiany, do którego należy dany przymiotnik), 2) psycholingwistyczne (transfer), 3) społeczne (ogólny poziom biegłości językowej, wiek, wykształcenie, liczba godzin kursu językowego, długość pobytu w Norwegii, znajomość języka angielskiego jako L3). Materiał badawczy rozprawy stanowią dane z korpusu ASK (The Norwegian Language Learner Corpus). Zawarte w nim wypracowania zostały napisane w sytuacji testowej. Analiza przedstawiona w niniejszej pracy opiera się na 200 tekstach napisanych przez 200 polskojęzycznych uczących się języka norweskiego. W badaniu transferowym ich performancja porównana została z perfomancją 200 angielskojęzycznych i 200 niemieckojęzycznych uczących się norweskiego.The thesis gives an insight into the acquisition of adjective agreement by Polish learners of Norwegian as a second language basing on cognitive language acquisition theories. Its main aim is to show the Polish learners’ competence in inflecting the Norwegian adjectives by analyzing the correctly and incorrectly inflected adjectives, and to investigate factors that possibly influence the acquisition. The following factors are taken into consideration: 1) the linguistic factors (the grammatical context in which the adjectives were used, the inflectional paradigm of the adjectives), 2) the psycholinguistic factors (transfer), 3) the social factors (the general competences in Norwegian as a L2, age, education, the total number of course hours taken in Norwegian, length of stay in Norway, competences in English as a L3). The data used in this study come from the ASK corpus (The Norwegian Language Learner Corpus), where the participants wrote essays in a test situation. The analysis is based on 200 texts written by 200 L1 Polish learners of Norwegian. In the transfer investigation their performance is compared with the performance of 200 English and 200 German speaking learners of Norwegian.Hensikten med denne avhandlingen er å undersøke hvordan polskspråklige innlærere av norsk som andrespråk tilegner seg norsk adjektivkongruens. Det teoretiske utgangspunktet til denne studien er kognitive teorier om andrespråkslæring. Avhandlingens hovedmål er å vise de polskspråkliges kompetanser i å samsvarsbøye norske adjektiver gjennom analysen av korrekt og ukorrekt bøyde adjektiver, og å undersøke faktorer som muligens kan påvirke kongruenstilegnelsen. Følgende faktorer er tatt i betraktning: 1) lingvistiske faktorer (den grammatiske konteksten som adjektivene befinner seg i, og bøyningsparadigmene adjektivene hører til), 2) psykolingvistiske faktorer (transfer), 3) sosiale faktorer (generelle kunnskaper i norsk, alder, utdanning, antall kurstimer i norsk, oppholdstid i Norge, kunnskaper i engelsk som S3). Datamaterialet utgjør dataene fra ASK korpuset (Norsk andrespråkskorpus). Det inneholder tekster skrevet i en testsituasjon. Min analyse bygger på 200 tekster skrevet av 200 polskspråklige norskinnlærere. I transferanalysen blir deres performanse sammenlignet med performansen til 200 engelskspråklige og 200 tyskspråklige norskinnlærere

Norske pragmatiske partikler i andrespråksbruk. En studie med data fra ASK-korpuset

Denne studien tar for seg emnet norske pragmatiske partikler i andrespråksbruk. På basis av data fra ASK-korpuset utviklet ved Universitetet i Bergen analyserer vi hvorvidt brukere av norsk som andrespråk(heretter norsk S2-brukere) skiller seg fra morsmålsbrukere av norsk når det gjelder frekvensen av utvalgte partikler. Av språktypologiske grunner har vi valgt tre grupper norsk S2-brukere som har henholdsvis polsk, engelsk og tysk som morsmål. Hypotesen vi framsetter er at de tyske informantene, på grunn av likhet med sitt førstespråk, vil bruke signifikant flere partikler i sine tekster enn de polske og de engelske informantene. Vi undersøker også om man kan koble partikkelfrekvensen med andre variabler, som språklig ferdighetsnivå og lengden på oppholdet i Norge. Resultatene vil kunne ha nytteverdi i undervisningssammenheng. Dessuten antyder undersøkelsen hvilke av partiklene som er de lettest tilgjengelige for norsk som S2-brukere, og hvilke av dem som ser ut til å unngås

Setninger i norsk og polsk – definisjoner og inndelinger

In this article we give a brief summary of how Norwegian and Polish sentences are classified in the widely acknowledged grammar books. Therefore, we review the definitions of sentences in both languages, and compare the various classifications applied in Norwegian and Polish. Additionally, much focus is given to classification of sub clauses, which happen to be differently characterized in the respective languages. We would claim that there is a significant bias regarding features that determine classification of sub clauses in Norwegian and Polish. While in Norwegian a lot of emphasis is put on structural features, focusing on how particular units are organized within a sentence, the Polish classifications seem more semantic-oriented. As far as grammatical terms are concerned, Norwegian is featured by far more notions that might yield intransparency for a Polish learner or grammarian.  On the other hand, the Norwegian classifications seem far more transparent. Due to a lack of 1-1 relation between terms used in Norwegian and Polish, we cater for this need by providing terms applicable for both languages. We believe that this may come into useful for all who try to systematize their knowledge about sentences in both languages

Measurement of the W gamma Production Cross Section in Proton-Proton Collisions at root s=13 TeV and Constraints on Effective Field Theory Coefficients

A fiducial cross section for W gamma production in proton-proton collisions is measured at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV in 137 fb(-1) of data collected using the CMS detector at the LHC. The W -> e nu and mu nu decay modes are used in a maximum-likelihood fit to the lepton-photon invariant mass distribution to extract the combined cross section. The measured cross section is compared with theoretical expectations at next-to-leading order in quantum chromodynamics. In addition, 95% confidence level intervals are reported for anomalous triple-gauge couplings within the framework of effective field theory.Peer reviewe

Search for new particles in events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A search is presented for new particles produced at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV, using events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 101 fb(-1), collected in 2017-2018 with the CMS detector. Machine learning techniques are used to define separate categories for events with narrow jets from initial-state radiation and events with large-radius jets consistent with a hadronic decay of a W or Z boson. A statistical combination is made with an earlier search based on a data sample of 36 fb(-1), collected in 2016. No significant excess of events is observed with respect to the standard model background expectation determined from control samples in data. The results are interpreted in terms of limits on the branching fraction of an invisible decay of the Higgs boson, as well as constraints on simplified models of dark matter, on first-generation scalar leptoquarks decaying to quarks and neutrinos, and on models with large extra dimensions. Several of the new limits, specifically for spin-1 dark matter mediators, pseudoscalar mediators, colored mediators, and leptoquarks, are the most restrictive to date.Peer reviewe

Combined searches for the production of supersymmetric top quark partners in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A combination of searches for top squark pair production using proton-proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the CERN LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1) collected by the CMS experiment, is presented. Signatures with at least 2 jets and large missing transverse momentum are categorized into events with 0, 1, or 2 leptons. New results for regions of parameter space where the kinematical properties of top squark pair production and top quark pair production are very similar are presented. Depending on themodel, the combined result excludes a top squarkmass up to 1325 GeV for amassless neutralino, and a neutralinomass up to 700 GeV for a top squarkmass of 1150 GeV. Top squarks with masses from 145 to 295 GeV, for neutralino masses from 0 to 100 GeV, with a mass difference between the top squark and the neutralino in a window of 30 GeV around the mass of the top quark, are excluded for the first time with CMS data. The results of theses searches are also interpreted in an alternative signal model of dark matter production via a spin-0 mediator in association with a top quark pair. Upper limits are set on the cross section for mediator particle masses of up to 420 GeV

Search for top squark production in fully hadronic final states in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A search for production of the supersymmetric partners of the top quark, top squarks, is presented. The search is based on proton-proton collision events containing multiple jets, no leptons, and large transverse momentum imbalance. The data were collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1). The targeted signal production scenarios are direct and gluino-mediated top squark production, including scenarios in which the top squark and neutralino masses are nearly degenerate. The search utilizes novel algorithms based on deep neural networks that identify hadronically decaying top quarks and W bosons, which are expected in many of the targeted signal models. No statistically significant excess of events is observed relative to the expectation from the standard model, and limits on the top squark production cross section are obtained in the context of simplified supersymmetric models for various production and decay modes. Exclusion limits as high as 1310 GeVare established at the 95% confidence level on the mass of the top squark for direct top squark production models, and as high as 2260 GeV on the mass of the gluino for gluino-mediated top squark production models. These results represent a significant improvement over the results of previous searches for supersymmetry by CMS in the same final state.Peer reviewe