Anatomical review of Skin in Immune System as Primary Immune Response

The skin immune system comprises a complex network of cells, functioning both in immunity against invading pathogens but also tolerogenic mechanisms to ensure maintenance of immune homeostasis. The Skin is the first barrier to penetration by microbes. The skin not only defends the body by providing a nearly on penetrable barrier but also reinforces this defense with chemical weapons on the surfaces. The immune system is a wonderful collaboration between cells and proteins that work together to providing defense against infection. The skin immune system comprises a complex network of cell functioning immunity to ensure maintenance of immune system. The paper reviews the functional roles of components of immune system in the skin.&nbsp

Structural and Optical Studies of 100 MeV Ni+7 Irradiated Cadmium Selenide Thin Films

The effect of irradiation with Swift (100 MeV) Ni+ 7 ions on the structural and optical properties of Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) thin films have been investigated at different fluencies in the range of 1 1011- 1 1013 ions/cm – 2. The CdSe films on glass substrates were prepared by thermal evaporation. The structural and optical changes with respect to increasing fluence were observed by the means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-VIS and Raman spectroscopy. After irradiating the films with Ni+ 7 ions XRD show the increased in peak intensity and crystallite size with increasing fluence. The UV-VIS-IR spectroscopy revealed that there is decrease in band gap energy of the films after irradiation with increasing fluencies. Raman spectrum for as deposited and irradiated films show two peak, one at 209 cm – 1 and at 410 cm – 1 which is assigned to the longitudinal optical (LO) phonon mode

Structural and Optical Studies of 100 MeV Ni+7 Irradiated Cadmium Selenide Thin Films

The effect of irradiation with Swift (100 MeV) Ni+ 7 ions on the structural and optical properties of Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) thin films have been investigated at different fluencies in the range of 1 1011- 1 1013 ions/cm – 2. The CdSe films on glass substrates were prepared by thermal evaporation. The structural and optical changes with respect to increasing fluence were observed by the means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-VIS and Raman spectroscopy. After irradiating the films with Ni+ 7 ions XRD show the increased in peak intensity and crystallite size with increasing fluence. The UV-VIS-IR spectroscopy revealed that there is decrease in band gap energy of the films after irradiation with increasing fluencies. Raman spectrum for as deposited and irradiated films show two peak, one at 209 cm – 1 and at 410 cm – 1 which is assigned to the longitudinal optical (LO) phonon mode

Immune Mediated Musculoskeletal Disorders of Dogs: An Overview

Immune mediated musculoskeletal diseases are important diseases of dogs which occur due to failure of immunoregulation or to an abnormal immune response. As clinical signs of these disorders overlap with numerous other syndromes of musculoskeletal system, the confirmative diagnosis is difficult. Glucocorticoids are the basis of therapy with adjunct therapy of cytotoxic drugs, chrysotherapy which require continuous monitoring of patient. Generally there is no curative treatment in most of the disorders due to recurrence of disease after withdrawal of treatment

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

ATHENA detector proposal — a totally hermetic electron nucleus apparatus proposed for IP6 at the Electron-Ion Collider

ATHENA has been designed as a general purpose detector capable of delivering the full scientific scope of the Electron-Ion Collider. Careful technology choices provide fine tracking and momentum resolution, high performance electromagnetic and hadronic calorimetry, hadron identification over a wide kinematic range, and near-complete hermeticity. This article describes the detector design and its expected performance in the most relevant physics channels. It includes an evaluation of detector technology choices, the technical challenges to realizing the detector and the R&amp;D required to meet those challenges

International nosocomial infection control consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 36 countries, for 2004-2009

The results of a surveillance study conducted by the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) from January 2004 through December 2009 in 422 intensive care units (ICUs) of 36 countries in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe are reported. During the 6-year study period, using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN; formerly the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system [NNIS]) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infections, we gathered prospective data from 313,008 patients hospitalized in the consortium's ICUs for an aggregate of 2,194,897 ICU bed-days. Despite the fact that the use of devices in the developing countries' ICUs was remarkably similar to that reported in US ICUs in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were significantly higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals; the pooled rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection in the INICC ICUs of 6.8 per 1,000 central line-days was more than 3-fold higher than the 2.0 per 1,000 central line-days reported in comparable US ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia also was far higher (15.8 vs 3.3 per 1,000 ventilator-days), as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (6.3 vs. 3.3 per 1,000 catheter-days). Notably, the frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates to imipenem (47.2% vs 23.0%), Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (76.3% vs 27.1%), Escherichia coli isolates to ceftazidime (66.7% vs 8.1%), Staphylococcus aureus isolates to methicillin (84.4% vs 56.8%), were also higher in the consortium's ICUs, and the crude unadjusted excess mortalities of device-related infections ranged from 7.3% (for catheter-associated urinary tract infection) to 15.2% (for ventilator-associated pneumonia). Copyright © 2012 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved