Produção e valor nutritivo da forragem, e desempenho de bovinos Nelore em pastagem de capim-Tanzânia adubado com nitrogênio ou consorciado com estilosantes Campo Grande

The objective was to evaluate of Nelore performance on pasture of Tanzania (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania-1) fertilized with nitrogen or mixed with Stylosanthes Campo Grande (Stylosanthes spp). It was used a randomized complete blocks with split plots design and three replicates of four treatments: Stylosanthes + Tanzania; Tanzania + 75 kg de N ha-1 ano-1; Tanzania + 150 kg de N ha-1 ano-1; Tanzania + 225 kg de N ha-1 ano-1. Plots were assessed by stations. The highest average daily gain (ADG) during the fall was observed in treatment in the consortium and 75 kg de N ha-1 ano-1. The ADG in the treatments of 150 and 225 kg de N ha-1 ano-1 were superior to others in spring and summer. Stocking rate (SR) was similar between the stations studied. The value of SR was higher when it was used the highest dose of nitrogen fertilizer. The weight gain per area was higher in the spring and summer compared to autumn. The inclusion of legumes in livestock system reduces the dependence of the overuse of nitrogen fertilizers.Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de bovinos Nelore em pastagem de capim-Tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia-1) adubado com nitrogênio ou consorciado com estilosantes Campo Grande (Stylosanthes ssp). Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições e quatro tratamentos: Tanzânia + Estilosantes; Tanzânia + 75 kg de N ha-1 ano-1; Tanzânia + 150 kg de N ha-1 ano-1; Tanzânia + 225 kg de N ha-1 ano-1. Nas subparcelas foram avaliadas as estações. O maior ganho médio diário (GMD) durante o outono foi observado nos tratamentos em consórcio e 75 kg de N ha-1 ano-1. O GMD observado nos tratamentos com 150 e 225 kg de N ha-1 ano-1 foram superiores aos demais na primavera e verão. A taxa de lotação (TL) foi semelhante entre as estações avaliadas. Foi observada maior TL quando foram utilizadas as maiores doses de adubação nitrogenada. O ganho de peso vivo por área foi superior na primavera e no verão quando comparado ao outono. A inclusão de leguminosas no sistema pecuário diminui a dependência do uso excessivo de fertilizantes nitrogenados e contribui no desempenho animal

Características morfogênicas do capim-Tanzânia consorciado com Estilosantes Campo Grande ou adubado com nitrogênio sob pastejo

This study aimed to study morphogenic and structural characteristics of Tanzania grass (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania) intercropped with Estilosantes Campo Grande (Stylosanthes capitata and Stylosanthes macrocephala) or fertilized with nitrogen. The pasture was managed under continuous stocking and variable stocking rate. Were used a randomized complete blocks with split plots and three replications. The treatments were: Tanzania grass + Stylosanthes; Tanzania grass + 75 Kg N.ha. year-1; Tanzania grass + 150Kg N.ha.year-1; Tanzania grass + 225 Kg N.ha.year-1. Were used urea and ammonium nitrate as nitrogen source. The morphogenetic evaluations were conducted in the spring and summer. Were evaluated 15 tillers per paddock, twice a week for four weeks per season in study. The morphogenic characteristics were not affected by nitrogen fertilization or consortium, except the leaf elongation rate (LER). The highest values for this variable were observed in the spring in the fertilized pastures. Therefore, it is concluded that nitrogen fertilization influences the leaf elongation rate (LER) of Tanzania grass, and this one when is intercropped with Stylosanthes Campo Grande show morphogenic characteristics similar when fertilized with nitrogen, except for rate leaf elongation.Objetivou-se avaliar as características morfogênicas e estruturais do capim-Tanzânia (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia) consorciado com Estilosantes Campo Grande (Stylosanthes capitata e Stylosanthes macrocephala) ou adubado com nitrogênio. O pasto foi manejado sob lotação contínua e taxa de lotação variável. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram: capim-Tanzânia + Estilosantes; capim-Tanzânia + 75 Kg N.ha.ano-1; capim-Tanzânia + 150 Kg N.ha.ano-1 e capim-Tanzânia + 225 Kg N.ha.ano-1. Foram utilizados ureia e nitrato de amônia como fonte de nitrogênio. As avaliações morfogênicas foram realizadas na primavera e no verão. Foram avaliados 15 perfilhos por piquete, duas vezes por semana, durante quatro semanas por estação em estudo. As características morfogênicas, exceto a taxa de alongamento foliar (TAlF), não foram influenciadas pela adubação nitrogenada ou consórcio com Estilosantes. Os maiores valores para esta variável foram observados na primavera, nas pastagens adubadas. Desta forma, conclui-se que a adubação nitrogenada influencia a taxa de alongamento foliar (TAlF) do capim-Tanzânia, e este quando é cultivado em consórcio com o Estilosantes Campo Grande apresenta características morfogênicas semelhantes quando adubado com nitrogênio, à excessão da taxa de alongamento foliar

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora