2,458 research outputs found
Active compounds and distinctive sensory features provided by American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) extract in a new functional milk beverage
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) has recognized neurocognitive effects, and a ginsenoside-rich extract of the root of the plant has been shown to improve cognitive functions in young adults. This study aimed at assessing the chemical and sensory profiles of a UHT-treated, low-lactose functional milk containing American ginseng. Individual ginsenosides in the milk were analyzed by HPLC. Descriptive sensory analysis was performed by a trained panel to quantitatively document sensory changes resulting from the addition of ginseng and the UHT process on flavored and unflavored milks. Consumer acceptance of the product was also investigated. Total ginsenoside content in the UHT-treated milk enriched with the ginseng extract after UHT process treatment was 7.52. mg/100. g of milk, corresponding to a recovery of 67.6% compared with the content in the unprocessed extract. The intake of 150 to 300. mL of this ginseng-enriched milk provides the amount of total ginsenosides (11.5 to 23. mg) necessary to improve cognitive function after its consumption. Both the presence of ginsenosides and their thermal treatment affected some sensory properties of the milk, most notably an increase in bitterness and metallic taste, the appearance of a brownish color, and a decrease in milky flavor. Levels of brown color, bitterness, and metallic taste were highest in the industrially processed ginseng-enriched milk. The bitterness attributable to ginseng extract was reduced by addition of vanilla flavor and sucralose. A consumer exploratory study revealed that a niche of consumers exists who are willing to consume this type of product.The financial support of the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (Madrid, Spain) for the project SENIFOOD (CENIT Programme) and for the contract with A. TĂĄrrega (Juan de la Cierva Programme) is acknowledged. We gratefully acknowledge Juan Duato Aguilar, from Naturex Spain S.L. (Quart de Poblet, Spain), for his valuable technical support
Genetic inhibition of flowering differs between juvenile and adult Citrus trees
[EN] Background and Aims In woody species, the juvenile period maintains the axillary meristems in a vegetative stage, unable to flower, for several years. However, in adult trees, some 1-year-old meristems flower whereas others remain vegetative to ensure a polycarpic growth habit. Both types of trees, therefore, have non-flowering meristems, and we hypothesize that the molecular mechanism regulating flower inhibition in juvenile trees is different from that in adult trees.
Methods In adult Citrus trees, the main endogenous factor inhibiting flower induction is the growing fruit. Thus, we studied the expression of the main flowering time, identity and patterning genes of trees with heavy fruit load (not-flowering adult trees) compared to that of 6-month-old trees (not-flowering juvenile trees). Adult trees without fruits (flowering trees) were used as a control. Second, we studied the expression of the same genes in the meristems of 6-month, and 1-, 3-, 5-and 7-year-old juvenile trees compared to 10-year-old flowering trees.
Key Results The axillary meristems of juvenile trees are unable to transcribe flowering time and patterning genes during the period of induction, although they are able to transcribe the FLOWERING LOCUS T citrus orthologue (CiFT2) in leaves. By contrast, meristems of not-flowering adult trees are able to transcribe the flowering network genes but fail to achieve the transcription threshold required to flower, due to CiFT2 repression by the fruit. Juvenile meristems progressively achieve gene expression, with age-dependent differences from 6 months to 7 years, FD-like and CsLFY being the last genes to be expressed.
Conclusions During the juvenile period the mechanism inhibiting flowering is determined in the immature bud, so that it progressively acquires flowering ability at the gene expression level of the flowering time programme, whereas in the adult tree it is determined in the leaf, where repression of CiFT2 gene expression occurs.We thank Cristina Ferrandiz (IBMCP-UPV, Spain) and Fernando Andres (UMR AGAP, France) for useful comments on the manuscript. We thank D. Westall for her help in editing the manuscript. This work was supported by a grant from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Spain (RTA2013-0024-C02-02)Muñoz Fambuena, N.; Nicolas-Almansa, M.; Martinez Fuentes, A.; Reig Valor, C.; Iglesias, DJ.; Primo-Millo, E.; Mesejo Conejos, C.... (2019). Genetic inhibition of flowering differs between juvenile and adult Citrus trees. Annals of Botany. 123(3):483-490. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcy179S4834901233Abe, M. (2005). FD, a bZIP Protein Mediating Signals from the Floral Pathway Integrator FT at the Shoot Apex. Science, 309(5737), 1052-1056. doi:10.1126/science.1115983Albani, M. C., & Coupland, G. (2010). Comparative Analysis of Flowering in Annual and Perennial Plants. Plant Development, 323-348. doi:10.1016/s0070-2153(10)91011-9AndrĂ©s, F., & Coupland, G. (2012). The genetic basis of flowering responses to seasonal cues. Nature Reviews Genetics, 13(9), 627-639. doi:10.1038/nrg3291BalanzĂ , V., MartĂnez-FernĂĄndez, I., Sato, S., Yanofsky, M. F., Kaufmann, K., Angenent, G. C., ⊠FerrĂĄndiz, C. (2018). Genetic control of meristem arrest and life span in Arabidopsis by a FRUITFULL-APETALA2 pathway. Nature Communications, 9(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03067-5BĂ€urle, I., & Dean, C. (2006). The Timing of Developmental Transitions in Plants. Cell, 125(4), 655-664. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.005Betancourt, M., Sistachs, V., MartĂnez-Fuentes, A., Mesejo, C., Reig, C., & AgustĂ, M. (2014). Influence of harvest date on fruit yield and return bloom in âMarshâ grapefruit trees (Citrus paradisiMacf.) grown under a tropical climate. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 89(4), 435-440. doi:10.1080/14620316.2014.11513103BlĂĄzquez, M. A., FerrĂĄndiz, C., Madueño, F., & Parcy, F. (2006). How Floral Meristems are Built. Plant Molecular Biology, 60(6), 855-870. doi:10.1007/s11103-006-0013-zBlĂŒmel, M., Dally, N., & Jung, C. (2015). Flowering time regulation in crops â what did we learn from Arabidopsis? Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 32, 121-129. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2014.11.023Castillo, M.-C., Forment, J., Gadea, J., Carrasco, J. L., Juarez, J., Navarro, L., & Ancillo, G. (2013). Identification of transcription factors potentially involved in the juvenile to adult phase transition in Citrus. Annals of Botany, 112(7), 1371-1381. doi:10.1093/aob/mct211Chica, E. J., & Albrigo, L. G. (2013). Expression of Flower Promoting Genes in Sweet Orange during Floral Inductive Water Deficits. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 138(2), 88-94. doi:10.21273/jashs.138.2.88Endo, T., Shimada, T., Fujii, H., Kobayashi, Y., Araki, T., & Omura, M. (2005). Ectopic Expression of an FT Homolog from Citrus Confers an Early Flowering Phenotype on Trifoliate Orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.). Transgenic Research, 14(5), 703-712. doi:10.1007/s11248-005-6632-3Haberman, A., Ackerman, M., Crane, O., Kelner, J.-J., Costes, E., & Samach, A. (2016). Different flowering response to various fruit loads in apple cultivars correlates with degree of transcript reaccumulation of a TFL1-encoding gene. The Plant Journal, 87(2), 161-173. doi:10.1111/tpj.13190Hanano, S., & Goto, K. (2011). Arabidopsis TERMINAL FLOWER1 Is Involved in the Regulation of Flowering Time and Inflorescence Development through Transcriptional Repression. The Plant Cell, 23(9), 3172-3184. doi:10.1105/tpc.111.088641Mafra, V., Kubo, K. S., Alves-Ferreira, M., Ribeiro-Alves, M., Stuart, R. M., Boava, L. P., ⊠Machado, M. A. (2012). Reference Genes for Accurate Transcript Normalization in Citrus Genotypes under Different Experimental Conditions. PLoS ONE, 7(2), e31263. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031263MartĂnez-Fuentes, A., Mesejo, C., Reig, C., & AgustĂ, M. (2010). Timing of the inhibitory effect of fruit on return bloom of âValenciaâ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis
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Apolipoprotein E O-glycosylation is associated with amyloid plaques and APOE genotype
Although the APOE Δ4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD), the relationship between apolipoprotein (apoE) and AD pathophysiology is not yet fully understood. Relatively little is known about the apoE protein species, including post-translational modifications, that exist in the human periphery and CNS. To better understand these apoE species, we developed a LC-MS/MS assay that simultaneously quantifies both unmodified and O-glycosylated apoE peptides. The study cohort included 47 older individuals (age 75.6 ± 5.7 years [mean ± standard deviation]), including 23 individuals (49%) with cognitive impairment. Paired plasma and cerebrospinal fluid samples underwent analysis. We quantified O-glycosylation of two apoE protein residues - one in the hinge region and one in the C-terminal region - and found that glycosylation occupancy of the hinge region in the plasma was significantly correlated with plasma total apoE levels, APOE genotype and amyloid status as determined by CSF AÎČ42/AÎČ40. A model with plasma glycosylation occupancy, plasma total apoE concentration, and APOE genotype distinguished amyloid status with an AUROC of 0.89. These results suggest that plasma apoE glycosylation levels could be a marker of brain amyloidosis, and that apoE glycosylation may play a role in the pathophysiology of AD
The Cauchy problem of f(R) gravity
The initial value problem of metric and Palatini f(R)gravity is studied by
using the dynamical equivalence between these theories and Brans-Dicke gravity.
The Cauchy problem is well-formulated for metric f(R)gravity in the presence of
matter and well-posed in vacuo. For Palatini f(R)gravity, instead, the Cauchy
problem is not well-formulated.Comment: 16 latex pages, to appear in Class. Quantum Grav; typographical
errors corrected, new references adde
Search for the standard model Higgs boson in the H to ZZ to 2l 2nu channel in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV
A search for the standard model Higgs boson in the H to ZZ to 2l 2nu decay
channel, where l = e or mu, in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7
TeV is presented. The data were collected at the LHC, with the CMS detector,
and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 4.6 inverse femtobarns. No
significant excess is observed above the background expectation, and upper
limits are set on the Higgs boson production cross section. The presence of the
standard model Higgs boson with a mass in the 270-440 GeV range is excluded at
95% confidence level.Comment: Submitted to JHE
Search for New Physics with Jets and Missing Transverse Momentum in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV
A search for new physics is presented based on an event signature of at least
three jets accompanied by large missing transverse momentum, using a data
sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36 inverse picobarns
collected in proton--proton collisions at sqrt(s)=7 TeV with the CMS detector
at the LHC. No excess of events is observed above the expected standard model
backgrounds, which are all estimated from the data. Exclusion limits are
presented for the constrained minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard
model. Cross section limits are also presented using simplified models with new
particles decaying to an undetected particle and one or two jets
Search for anomalous t t-bar production in the highly-boosted all-hadronic final state
A search is presented for a massive particle, generically referred to as a
Z', decaying into a t t-bar pair. The search focuses on Z' resonances that are
sufficiently massive to produce highly Lorentz-boosted top quarks, which yield
collimated decay products that are partially or fully merged into single jets.
The analysis uses new methods to analyze jet substructure, providing
suppression of the non-top multijet backgrounds. The analysis is based on a
data sample of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV,
corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 inverse femtobarns. Upper limits
in the range of 1 pb are set on the product of the production cross section and
branching fraction for a topcolor Z' modeled for several widths, as well as for
a Randall--Sundrum Kaluza--Klein gluon. In addition, the results constrain any
enhancement in t t-bar production beyond expectations of the standard model for
t t-bar invariant masses larger than 1 TeV.Comment: Submitted to the Journal of High Energy Physics; this version
includes a minor typo correction that will be submitted as an erratu
Combined search for the quarks of a sequential fourth generation
Results are presented from a search for a fourth generation of quarks
produced singly or in pairs in a data set corresponding to an integrated
luminosity of 5 inverse femtobarns recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC in
2011. A novel strategy has been developed for a combined search for quarks of
the up and down type in decay channels with at least one isolated muon or
electron. Limits on the mass of the fourth-generation quarks and the relevant
Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix elements are derived in the context of a
simple extension of the standard model with a sequential fourth generation of
fermions. The existence of mass-degenerate fourth-generation quarks with masses
below 685 GeV is excluded at 95% confidence level for minimal off-diagonal
mixing between the third- and the fourth-generation quarks. With a mass
difference of 25 GeV between the quark masses, the obtained limit on the masses
of the fourth-generation quarks shifts by about +/- 20 GeV. These results
significantly reduce the allowed parameter space for a fourth generation of
fermions.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO
Measurement of the t t-bar production cross section in the dilepton channel in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV
The t t-bar production cross section (sigma[t t-bar]) is measured in
proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV in data collected by the CMS
experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.3 inverse
femtobarns. The measurement is performed in events with two leptons (electrons
or muons) in the final state, at least two jets identified as jets originating
from b quarks, and the presence of an imbalance in transverse momentum. The
measured value of sigma[t t-bar] for a top-quark mass of 172.5 GeV is 161.9 +/-
2.5 (stat.) +5.1/-5.0 (syst.) +/- 3.6(lumi.) pb, consistent with the prediction
of the standard model.Comment: Replaced with published version. Included journal reference and DO
Measurement of the Z/gamma* + b-jet cross section in pp collisions at 7 TeV
The production of b jets in association with a Z/gamma* boson is studied
using proton-proton collisions delivered by the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy
of 7 TeV and recorded by the CMS detector. The inclusive cross section for
Z/gamma* + b-jet production is measured in a sample corresponding to an
integrated luminosity of 2.2 inverse femtobarns. The Z/gamma* + b-jet cross
section with Z/gamma* to ll (where ll = ee or mu mu) for events with the
invariant mass 60 < M(ll) < 120 GeV, at least one b jet at the hadron level
with pT > 25 GeV and abs(eta) < 2.1, and a separation between the leptons and
the jets of Delta R > 0.5 is found to be 5.84 +/- 0.08 (stat.) +/- 0.72 (syst.)
+(0.25)/-(0.55) (theory) pb. The kinematic properties of the events are also
studied and found to be in agreement with the predictions made by the MadGraph
event generator with the parton shower and the hadronisation performed by
PYTHIA.Comment: Submitted to the Journal of High Energy Physic
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