69 research outputs found
Gender violence in schools: taking the âgirls-as-victimsâ discourse forward
This paper draws attention to the gendered nature of violence in schools. Recent recognition that schools can be violent places has tended to ignore the fact that many such acts originate in unequal and antagonistic gender relations, which are tolerated and ânormalisedâ by everyday school structures and processes. After examining some key concepts and definitions, we provide a brief overview of the scope and various manifestations of gender violence in schools, noting that most research to date has focused on girls as victims of gender violence within a heterosexual context and ignores other forms such as homophobic and girl violence. We then move on to look at a few interventions designed to address gender violence in schools in the developing world and end by highlighting the need for more research and improved understanding of the problem and how it can be addressed
ALMA High-frequency Long Baseline Campaign in 2017:Band-to-band Phase Referencing in Submillimeter Waves
In 2017, an Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA)
high-frequency long baseline campaign was organized to test image capabilities
with baselines up to 16 km at submillimeter (submm) wavelengths. We
investigated image qualities using ALMA receiver Bands 7, 8, 9, and 10 (285-875
GHz) by adopting band-to-band (B2B) phase referencing in which a phase
calibrator is tracked at a lower frequency. For B2B phase referencing, it is
expected that a closer phase calibrator to a target can be used, comparing to
standard in-band phase referencing. In the first step, it is ensured that an
instrumental phase offset difference between low- and high-frequency Bands can
be removed using a differential gain calibration in which a phase calibrator is
certainly detected while frequency switching. In the next step, comparative
experiments are arranged to investigate the image quality between B2B and
in-band phase referencing with phase calibrators at various separation angles.
In the final step, we conducted long baseline imaging tests for a quasar at 289
GHz in Band 7 and 405 GHz in Band 8 and complex structure sources of HL Tau and
VY CMa at ~670 GHz in Band 9. The B2B phase referencing was successfully
applied, allowing us to achieve an angular resolution of 14x11 and 10x8 mas for
HL Tau and VY CMa, respectively. There is a high probability of finding a
low-frequency calibrator within 5.4 deg in B2B phase referencing, bright enough
to use an 8 s scan length combined with a 7.5 GHz bandwidth.Comment: 61 pages, 17 figures, 8 table
The protective effect of inflammatory monocytes during systemic C. albicans infection is dependent on collaboration between C-type lectin-like receptors
Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge the NIH-sponsored Mutant Mouse Regional Resource Center (MMRRC) National System as the source of genetically-altered mice (C57BL/6-Clec4etm1.1Cfg/Mmucd 031936-UCD) for use in this study. The mice were produced and deposited to the MMRRC by the Consortium for Functional Glycomics supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM62116). We would like to thank Catherine Neiseryan and Ann Kift-Morgan for cell sorting. We would like to thank Wales Gene Park for providing computer resources that assisted this research. Funding: SJO was funded by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (Grant Number 099953/Z/12/Z) and by a Wellcome Trust ISSF Cross-Disciplinary Award. LCD is supported by a Henry Wellcome Trust Postdoctoral Fellowship (103973/Z/14/Z). CL is supported by a Kidney Research UK/MedImmune Joint Fellowship Award (PDF_006_20151127). GDB is funded by a Wellcome Trust Investigator Award (102705) and the MRC Centre for Medical Mycology and the University of Aberdeen (MR/N006364/1). IRH is supported by a Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship (207503/Z/17/Z). PRT is supported by a Wellcome Trust Investigator Award (107964/Z/15/Z) and the UK Dementia Research Institute. Funding URLs: https://wellcome.ac.uk/ https://royalsociety.org/ https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/ https://mrc.ukri.org/ https://ukdri.ac.uk/ The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Data Availability: All relevant data apart from RNAseq files are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. RNAseq data files are available from ArrayExpress (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress/), (accession number E-MTAB-8030).Peer reviewedPublisher PD
ALMA High-frequency Long Baseline Campaign in 2021: Highest Angular Resolution Submillimeter Wave Images for the Carbon-rich Star R Lep
The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) was used in 2021 to
image the carbon-rich evolved star R Lep in Bands 8-10 (397-908 GHz) with
baselines up to 16 km. The goal was to validate the calibration, using
band-to-band (B2B) phase referencing with a close phase calibrator J0504-1512,
1.2 deg from R Lep in this case, and the imaging procedures required to obtain
the maximum angular resolution achievable with ALMA. Images of the continuum
emission and the hydrogen cyanide (HCN) maser line at 890.8 GHz, from the
J=10-9 transition between the (1110) and (0400) vibrationally excited states,
achieved angular resolutions of 13, 6, and 5 mas in Bands 8-10, respectively.
Self-calibration (self-cal) was used to produce ideal images as to compare with
the B2B phase referencing technique. The continuum emission was resolved in
Bands 9 and 10, leaving too little flux for self-cal of the longest baselines,
so these comparisons are made at coarser resolution. Comparisons showed that
B2B phase referencing provided phase corrections sufficient to recover 92%,
83%, and 77% of the ideal image continuum flux densities. The HCN maser was
sufficiently compact to obtain self-cal solutions in Band 10 for all baselines
(up to 16 km). In Band 10, B2B phase referencing as compared to the ideal
images recovered 61% and 70% of the flux density for the HCN maser and
continuum, respectively.Comment: 37 pages, 12 figures, 9 tables, accepted by ApJ (Aug 30, 2023
FLIP: A Targetable Mediator of Resistance to Radiation in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Resistance to radiotherapy due to insufficient cancer cell death is a significant cause of treatment failure in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The endogenous caspase-8 inhibitor, FLIP, is a critical regulator of cell death that is frequently overexpressed in NSCLC and is an established inhibitor of apoptotic cell death induced via the extrinsic death receptor pathway. Apoptosis induced by ionizing radiation (IR) has been considered to be mediated predominantly via the intrinsic apoptotic pathway; however, we found that IR-induced apoptosis was significantly attenuated in NSCLC cells when caspase-8 was depleted using RNA interference (RNAi), suggesting involvement of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway. Moreover, overexpression of wild-type FLIP, but not a mutant form that cannot bind the critical death receptor adaptor protein FADD, also attenuated IR-induced apoptosis, confirming the importance of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway as a determinant of response to IR in NSCLC. Importantly, when FLIP protein levels were down-regulated by RNAi, IRinduced cell death was significantly enhanced. The clinically relevant histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors vorinostat and entinostat were subsequently found to sensitize a subset of NSCLC cell lines to IR in a manner that was dependent on their ability to suppress FLIP expression and promote activation of caspase-8. Entinostat also enhanced the anti-tumor activity of IR in vivo. Therefore, FLIP down-regulation induced by HDAC inhibitors is a potential clinical strategy to radio-sensitize NSCLC and thereby improve response to radiotherapy. Overall, this study provides the first evidence that pharmacological inhibition of FLIP may improve response of NCSLC to IR
A multi-decade record of high quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT)
The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is a synthesis of quality-controlled fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) values for the global surface oceans and coastal seas with regular updates. Version 3 of SOCAT has 14.7 million fCO2 values from 3646 data sets covering the years 1957 to 2014. This latest version has an additional 4.6 million fCO2 values relative to version 2 and extends the record from 2011 to 2014. Version 3 also significantly increases the data availability for 2005 to 2013. SOCAT has an average of approximately 1.2 million surface water fCO2 values per year for the years 2006 to 2012. Quality and documentation of the data has improved. A new feature is the data set quality control (QC) flag of E for data from alternative sensors and platforms. The accuracy of surface water fCO2 has been defined for all data set QC flags. Automated range checking has been carried out for all data sets during their upload into SOCAT. The upgrade of the interactive Data Set Viewer (previously known as the Cruise Data Viewer) allows better interrogation of the SOCAT data collection and rapid creation of high-quality figures for scientific presentations. Automated data upload has been launched for version 4 and will enable more frequent SOCAT releases in the future. High-profile scientific applications of SOCAT include quantification of the ocean sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide and its long-term variation, detection of ocean acidification, as well as evaluation of coupled-climate and ocean-only biogeochemical models. Users of SOCAT data products are urged to acknowledge the contribution of data providers, as stated in the SOCAT Fair Data Use Statement. This ESSD (Earth System Science Data) âliving dataâ publication documents the methods and data sets used for the assembly of this new version of the SOCAT data collection and compares these with those used for earlier versions of the data collection (Pfeil et al., 2013; Sabine et al., 2013; Bakker et al., 2014). Individual data set files, included in the synthesis product, can be downloaded here: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.849770. The gridded products are available here: doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.SOCAT_V3_GRID
The ALMA Interferometric Pipeline Heuristics
We describe the calibration and imaging heuristics developed and deployed in
the ALMA interferometric data processing pipeline, as of ALMA Cycle 9. The
pipeline software framework is written in Python, with each data reduction
stage layered on top of tasks and toolkit functions provided by the Common
Astronomy Software Applications package. This framework supports a variety of
tasks for observatory operations, including science data quality assurance,
observing mode commissioning, and user reprocessing. It supports ALMA and VLA
interferometric data along with ALMA and NRO45m single dish data, via different
stages and heuristics. In addition to producing calibration tables, calibrated
measurement sets, and cleaned images, the pipeline creates a WebLog which
serves as the primary interface for verifying the data quality assurance by the
observatory and for examining the contents of the data by the user. Following
the adoption of the pipeline by ALMA Operations in 2014, the heuristics have
been refined through annual development cycles, culminating in a new pipeline
release aligned with the start of each ALMA Cycle of observations. Initial
development focused on basic calibration and flagging heuristics (Cycles 2-3),
followed by imaging heuristics (Cycles 4-5), refinement of the flagging and
imaging heuristics with parallel processing (Cycles 6-7), addition of the
moment difference analysis to improve continuum channel identification (2020
release), addition of a spectral renormalization stage (Cycle 8), and
improvement in low SNR calibration heuristics (Cycle 9). In the two most recent
Cycles, 97% of ALMA datasets were calibrated and imaged with the pipeline,
ensuring long-term automated reproducibility. We conclude with a brief
description of plans for future additions, including self-calibration,
multi-configuration imaging, and calibration and imaging of full polarization
data.Comment: accepted for publication by Publications of the Astronomical Society
of the Pacific, 65 pages, 20 figures, 10 tables, 2 appendice
Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial
Background
Findings from the RESTART trial suggest that starting antiplatelet therapy might reduce the risk of recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage compared with avoiding antiplatelet therapy. Brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases (such as cerebral microbleeds) are associated with greater risks of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage. We did subgroup analyses of the RESTART trial to explore whether these brain imaging features modify the effects of antiplatelet therapy
Self-help groups challenge health care systems in the US and UK
Purpose: This research considers how self-help groups (SHGs) and self- help organizations (SHOs) contribute to consumerist trends in two different societies: United States and United Kingdom. How do the health care systems and the voluntary sectors affect the kinds of social changes that SHGs/SHOs make?
Methodology/approach: A review of research on the role of SHGs/SHOs in contributing to national health social movements in the UK and US was made. Case studies of the UK and the US compare the characteristics of their health care systems and their voluntary sector. Research reviews of two community level self-help groups in each country describe the kinds of social changes they made.
Findings: The research review verified that SHGs/SHOs contribute to national level health social movements for patient consumerism. The case studies showed that community level SHGs/SHOs successfully made the same social changes but on a smaller scale as the national movements, and the health care system affects the kinds of community changes made.
Research limitations: A limited number of SHGs/SHOs within only two societies were studied. Additional SHGs/SHOs within a variety of societies need to be studied.
Originality/value of chapter
Community SHGs/SHOs are often trivialized by social scientists as just inward-oriented support groups, but this chapter shows that local groups contribute to patient consumerism and social changes but in ways that depend on the kind of health care system and societal context
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