Serum biochemical characteristics of Carassius auratus (L) following short-term formalin or NaCl treatment

Goldfish Carassius auratus were subjected to either formalin (250 ppm) or NaCl (10 ppt), over a 0.5-h period followed by 24-h freshwater exposure. Serum biochemistry was monitored before exposure (0), immediately after (0.5) plus 3 and 24 h after exposure. Results showed that both formalin and NaCl treatments caused rapid increase in cortisol with a peak at 3 h, which did not recover until 24 h. Likewise, glucose showed similar patterns, however, returned to initial levels at 24 h after exposure. Formalin caused significant decrease in sodium and chloride levels which returned to initial levels at 24 h after exposure. Both formalin and NaCl caused calcium and total protein elevation at 3 and 24 h after exposure. Albumin and globulin levels were significantly affected by formalin and NaCl at 3 and 24 h after exposure. It is suggested that formalin and NaCl at the therapeutic concentrations cause rapid stress in goldfish which is eliminated after 24 h in freshwater. In addition, formalin causes slightly osmotic disturbance which is eliminated after 24 h recovery in freshwater. Both formalin and NaCl cause serum calcium and protein alteration after a while, which lasts until, at least, 24 h. More studies are needed to explain underlying mechanisms. Formalin and NaCl treatment, although advantageous in ecto-parasite removal, are stressful in goldfish, which should be considered if they are going to be used. Since formalin causes osmotic disturbance and more stress response, NaCl treatment is suggested as an alternative

Time-Sensitive Adaptive Model for Adult Image Classification

Images play an important role in modern internet communications, but not all of the images shared by the users are appropriate, and it is necessary to check and reject the inappropriate ones. Deep neural networks do this task perfectly, but it may not be necessary to use maximum power for all images. Many easier-to-identify images may be classified at a lower cost than running the full model. Also, the pressure on the system varies from time to time, so an algorithm that can produce the best possible results for different budgets is very useful. For this purpose, a deep convolutional neural network with the ability to generate several outputs from its various layers has been designed. Each output can be considered as a classifier with its own cost and accuracy. A selector is then used to select and combine the results of these outputs to produce the best possible result in the specified time budget. The selector uses a reinforcement learning model, which, despite the time-consuming learning phase, is fast at execution time. Our experiments on challenging social media images dataset show that the proposed model can reduce the processing time by 32 % by sacrificing only 1.4 % of accuracy compared to the VGG-f network. Also, using different metrics such as F1-score and AUC (the Area Under the Curve in the accuracy vs. time budget chart), the superiority of the proposed model at different time budgets over the base model is shown

Effects of dietary olive leaf extract on intestinal immune-related gene expressions in common carp, Cyprinus carpio

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary olive leaf extract (OLE) on intestinal immune-related genes expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa), interleukin 1 beta (IL1b), lysozyme (LYS), and mucin2 (MUC2). For this purpose, common carp (~15 g) were fed with 0 (control), 0.1 (OLE-0.1), 0.5 (OLE-0.5) and 1 (OLE-1) % OLE diets for eight weeks. The fish were sampled after one and eight weeks to study intestinal TNFa, IL1b, LYS, and MUC2 gene expressions. The results showed that dietary OLE administration significantly up-regulated intestinal TNFa gene expression after one (all OLE-treated groups) and eight (OLE-0.5) weeks. Moreover, OLE-0.1 and OLE-1 groups showed up-regulated intestinal IL1b expression, after one week, all the OLE-treated fish had significantly higher intestinal IL1b expression, after eight weeks. OLE had no significant effects on LYS gene expression after one week, but OLE-0.1 and OLE-0.5 had significantly higher gene expressions after eight weeks. OLE-0.1 and OLE-1 had significantly lower MUC2 gene expression after one week, but all OLE-treated fish had significantly higher MUC2 gene expression after eight weeks. In conclusion, dietary 0.1-0.5% OLE supplementation is suitable to support common carp intestinal health

Pediatrics Functional Constipation and school-Whether are linked?

Background: Functional Constipation (FC) is one of the important digestive disorders in pediatrics. Its prevalence varies in different communities. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of FC in our area between the school children and the impact of school on it. Methods: This study was done on 4 to 12 years old children of nine schools and kindergartens of Amirkola, (2007). After completing the constipation questionnaires by parents and children, all constipated children referred to gastroenterologist to confirm the diagnosis of functional constipation. All children were followed in summer when they didn’t go to school and in next year-the winter of 2009. Age, sex, the incidence of constipation in the school time and the summer holiday, health status of the toilets in school and the age of children were recorded when they learned to clean themselves. Results: Of all 493 studied cases the prevalence of FC was 21.3% (105 cases). There was no significant difference between the genders (p=0.913). All 99 constipated cases were reevaluated for constipation in summer and only 25 (18 boys and 7girls) of them were constipate. In the next school year the number of constipated case reaches to 90 cases again that there was significant relation between constipation and school months (p<0.01). Conclusions: The prevalence of FC in children was significantly high and school attendance had a great impact on it. We advise that the awareness of school officials and parents can reduce the prevalence of FC

Omega-3 fatty acid supplements improve the cardiovascular risk profile of subjects with metabolic syndrome, including markers of inflammation and auto-immunity

OBJECTIVE Fish-oil contains high concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids that have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. We have evaluated the effects of purified omega-3 fatty acid supplements on several anthropometric and biochemical parameters, including heat shock protein (Hsp) 27 antibody titres in subjects with metabolic syndrome. METHODS Subjects (n = 120) with metabolic syndrome (mean age of 52.9 +/- 11.9 years) were randomly allocated to one of two groups: sixty subjects were given 1 gram of fish oil as a single capsule, containing 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 120 mg docosahexaenoic acid daily for 6 months. Control subjects did not receive any supplementation over the same period. RESULTS The study was completed by 47 subjects in the intervention group and 42 subjects in the control group. Treatment with omega 3 supplements was associated with a significant fall in body weight (P < 0.05), systolic blood pressures (P < 0.05), serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.05), and total cholesterol (P < 0.05), triglycerides (P < 0.05), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (P < 0.01), and Hsp27 antibody titres (P < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the control group. CONCLUSION It appears that omega 3 improves the cardiovascular risk profile of subjects with metabolic syndrome, having effects on weight, systolic blood pressure, lipid profile and markers of inflammation and autoimmunit

Global burden of chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: an update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Updated data on chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are vital in their prevention, control, and treatment in the path to achieving the third UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a one-third reduction in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by 2030. We provided global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of CRDs and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we estimated mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence, and incidence of CRDs, i.e. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and other CRDs, from 1990 to 2019 by sex, age, region, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in 204 countries and territories. Deaths and DALYs from CRDs attributable to each risk factor were estimated according to relative risks, risk exposure, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input. Findings: In 2019, CRDs were the third leading cause of death responsible for 4.0 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 3.6–4.3) with a prevalence of 454.6 million cases (417.4–499.1) globally. While the total deaths and prevalence of CRDs have increased by 28.5% and 39.8%, the age-standardised rates have dropped by 41.7% and 16.9% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. COPD, with 212.3 million (200.4–225.1) prevalent cases, was the primary cause of deaths from CRDs, accounting for 3.3 million (2.9–3.6) deaths. With 262.4 million (224.1–309.5) prevalent cases, asthma had the highest prevalence among CRDs. The age-standardised rates of all burden measures of COPD, asthma, and pneumoconiosis have reduced globally from 1990 to 2019. Nevertheless, the age-standardised rates of incidence and prevalence of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis have increased throughout this period. Low- and low-middle SDI countries had the highest age-standardised death and DALYs rates while the high SDI quintile had the highest prevalence rate of CRDs. The highest deaths and DALYs from CRDs were attributed to smoking globally, followed by air pollution and occupational risks. Non-optimal temperature and high body-mass index were additional risk factors for COPD and asthma, respectively. Interpretation: Albeit the age-standardised prevalence, death, and DALYs rates of CRDs have decreased, they still cause a substantial burden and deaths worldwide. The high death and DALYs rates in low and low-middle SDI countries highlights the urgent need for improved preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures. Global strategies for tobacco control, enhancing air quality, reducing occupational hazards, and fostering clean cooking fuels are crucial steps in reducing the burden of CRDs, especially in low- and lower-middle income countries

Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Serum biochemical characteristics of Carassius auratus (L) following short-term formalin or NaCl treatment

Goldfish Carassius auratus were subjected to either formalin (250 ppm) or NaCl (10 ppt), over a 0.5-h period followed by 24-h freshwater exposure. Serum biochemistry was monitored before exposure (0), immediately after (0.5) plus 3 and 24 h after exposure. Results showed that both formalin and NaCl treatments caused rapid increase in cortisol with a peak at 3 h, which did not recover until 24 h. Likewise, glucose showed similar patterns, however, returned to initial levels at 24 h after exposure. Formalin caused significant decrease in sodium and chloride levels which returned to initial levels at 24 h after exposure. Both formalin and NaCl caused calcium and total protein elevation at 3 and 24 h after exposure. Albumin and globulin levels were significantly affected by formalin and NaCl at 3 and 24 h after exposure. It is suggested that formalin and NaCl at the therapeutic concentrations cause rapid stress in goldfish which is eliminated after 24 h in freshwater. In addition, formalin causes slightly osmotic disturbance which is eliminated after 24 h recovery in freshwater. Both formalin and NaCl cause serum calcium and protein alteration after a while, which lasts until, at least, 24 h. More studies are needed to explain underlying mechanisms. Formalin and NaCl treatment, although advantageous in ecto-parasite removal, are stressful in goldfish, which should be considered if they are going to be used. Since formalin causes osmotic disturbance and more stress response, NaCl treatment is suggested as an alternative

Effects of different levels of chamomile extract on growth and antioxidant parameters of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

An eight-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of dietary chamomile (Matricaria recutita) aqueous extract (CAE) on growth performance and antioxidant status of zebra fish, Danio rerio. Fish (initial weight of 0.20±0.02 g) were stocked at 12 tanks (50 fish per tank) and fed with a basal diet (32% protein and 8% lipid) supplemented with 0 (control), 0.5, 1, and 2% CAE in triplicate groups for 8 weeks. The results showed that fish fed 2% CAE had a significantly higher growth and biomass gain compared to the control group (P<0.05). Condition factor had a significant increase in 2% CAE treatment compared with other treatments (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activity amongst treatments (P<0.05). Finally, it seems the use of a 0.5-2.0% CAE can be effective in improving the growth and antioxidant system of zebra fish, D. rerio