17 research outputs found

    A new solution for mirror coating in Îł\gamma-ray Cherenkov Astronomy

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    In the Îł\gamma-ray Cherenkov Astronomy framework mirror coating plays a crucial role in defining the light response of the telescope. We carried out a study for new mirror coating solutions with both a numerical simulation software and a vacuum chamber for small sample production. In this article, we present a new mirror coating solution consisting of a 28-layer interferometric SiO2_{2}-TiO2_{2}-HfO2_{2} design deposited on a glass substrate, whose average reflectance is above 90%90\% for normally incident light in the wavelength range between 300 and 550 nm.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures. Article submitted to Experimental Astronomy, the final publication is available at link.springer.co

    Entwicklung von Cs 2 Te Photokathoden fĂŒr UV-Detektoren

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    Das Ziel vieler wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen ist die Messung des Lichtspektrums eines astronomischen Objekts, um daraus RĂŒckschlĂŒsse auf seine chemische Komposition und makroskopische Eigenschaften wie Masse, Ausdehnung, Temperatur und Abstand zur Erde zu ermitteln. FĂŒr astronomische Beobachtungen im ultravioletten Bereich werden zudem Satelliten benötigt, da die ErdatmosphĂ€re einen Großteil der auftreffenden Strahlung absorbiert. Am Institut fĂŒr Astronomie und Astrophysik TĂŒbingen (IAAT) wird daher basierend auf den Erfahrungen mit frĂŒheren Instrumenten, namentlich das Orbitale und RĂŒckfĂŒhrbare Fern- und Extremultraviolett Spektrometer (ORFEUS) von 1990, ein photonenzĂ€hlender, ortsauflösender Mikrokanalplattendetektor fĂŒr den Einsatz in einem Spektrographen entwickelt. Diese Entwicklung wurde ursprĂŒnglich durch die potentielle Teilnahme an einem russisch-deutschen Gemeinschaftsprojekt, dem World Space Observatory (WSO/UV), angestoßen und wird seit 2013 durch das deutsche Zentrum fĂŒr Luft und Raumfahrt als allgemeine Detektorentwicklung gefördert. Wird ein Spektrograph eingesetzt, spaltet dieser das aufgefangene Licht entsprechend seiner WellenlĂ€nge rĂ€umlich auf und leitet es auf den Detektor, der nur noch den Ort der auftreffenden Photonen messen muss. Unser Detektor besteht daher aus einer Photokathode, mehreren Mikrokanalplatten und einer Anode. Die Photokathode wandelt ein einzelnes auftreffendes Photon in ein Elektron um, das von den Mikrokanalplatten vervielfĂ€ltigt wird, sodass eine Elektronenwolke auf die Anode trifft. Dort wird der Ladungsmittelpunkt der auftreffenden Ladungswolke bestimmt und daraus die Ursprungsposition des Photons errechnet und in Kombination mit dem Wissen um die Aufspaltung im Spektrographen ist damit die WellenlĂ€nge des ursprĂŒnglichen Photons bekannt. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt auf der Entwicklung der Photokathoden fĂŒr den Detektor. Im Zuge dessen wurde ein neuer Versuchsaufbau in Betrieb genommen und fĂŒr die Herstellung von CĂ€siumtellurid-Photokathoden optimiert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden im ersten Kapitel die Grundlagen von Detektoren fĂŒr UVAnwendungen mit Schwerpunkt auf den verwendeten Mikrokanalplattendetektoren beschrieben und die technischen Herausforderungen am Beispiel von ORFEUS und anderen UV-Instrumenten herausgearbeitet. ZusĂ€tzlich werden das Detektorkonzept, das am IAAT entwickelt wurde, sowieder aktuelle Stand der Entwicklung vorgestellt. Im zweiten Kapitel wird ein Überblick ĂŒber die theoretische Funktionsweise von Photokathoden geliefert, sowie exemplarisch an drei relevanten Materialien erörtert, die ebenfalls potentiell in unserem Detektor eingesetzt werden sollen. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf den Eigenschaften von CĂ€siumtellurid, da es als besonders zuverlĂ€ssig gilt. Im dritten Kapitel werden der vorhandene Versuchsaufbau im Detail beschrieben, sowie die Änderungen, Optimierungen und Probleme skizziert, die im Laufe der letzten vier Jahre auftraten. Anschließend werden mögliche Verbesserungen und Änderungen aufgezeigt, die in nĂ€chster Zeit implementiert werden sollen und eine weitere Verbesserung der Ergebnisse versprechen. Weiterhin werden die Versuche zu Germaniumschichten auf geschlossenen Anoden angesprochen und die technische Realisierung beschrieben. Im vierten Kapitel wird der zeitliche Ablauf der Arbeit skizziert, die gefundene Standardprozedur zur Herstellung von CĂ€siumtellurid-Photokathoden beschrieben und die dazu gehörigen Messergebnisse vorgestellt. Es werden die Versuche an kalten und warmen Substraten, sowie die neuesten Erkenntnisse von Photokathoden auf einer zusĂ€tzlichen leitenden Metallschicht vorgestellt. Insgesamt wird mit dieser Arbeit die Grundlage fĂŒr die Herstellung von Photokathoden fĂŒr den Einsatz in unserem Detektor gelegt und deren Erfolg durch erste vielversprechende Proben belegt

    Global maps of soil temperature.

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    Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km <sup>2</sup> resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km <sup>2</sup> pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

    Global maps of soil temperature

    Get PDF
    Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0\u20135 and 5\u201315 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\ub0C (mean = 3.0 \ub1 2.1\ub0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \ub1 2.3\ub0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler ( 120.7 \ub1 2.3\ub0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

    Global maps of soil temperature

    Get PDF
    Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-kmÂČ resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-kmÂČ pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

    Global maps of soil temperature.

    Get PDF
    Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications
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