Psychology and aggression

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68264/2/10.1177_002200275900300301.pd

THE RATE OF BINARY BLACK HOLE MERGERS INFERRED FROM ADVANCED LIGO OBSERVATIONS SURROUNDING GW150914

A transient gravitational-wave signal, GW150914, was identi fi ed in the twin Advanced LIGO detectors on 2015 September 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC. To asse ss the implications of this discovery, the detectors remained in operation with unchanged con fi gurations over a period of 39 days around the time of t he signal. At the detection statistic threshold corresponding to that observed for GW150914, our search of the 16 days of simultaneous two-detector observational data is estimated to have a false-alarm rate ( FAR ) of < ́ -- 4.9 10 yr 61 , yielding a p -value for GW150914 of < ́ - 210 7 . Parameter estimation follo w-up on this trigger identi fi es its source as a binary black hole ( BBH ) merger with component masses ( )( ) = - + - + mm M ,36,29 12 4 5 4 4 at redshift = - + z 0.09 0.04 0.03 ( median and 90% credible range ) . Here, we report on the constraints these observations place on the rate of BBH coalescences. Considering only GW150914, assuming that all BBHs in the universe have the same masses and spins as this event, imposing a search FAR threshold of 1 per 100 years, and assuming that the BBH merger rate is constant in the comoving frame, we infer a 90% credible range of merger rates between – -- 2 53 Gpc yr 31 ( comoving frame ) . Incorporating all search triggers that pass a much lower threshold while accounting for the uncerta inty in the astrophysical origin of each trigger, we estimate a higher rate, ranging from – -- 13 600 Gpc yr 31 depending on assumptions about the BBH mass distribution. All together, our various rate estimat es fall in the conservative range – -- 2 600 Gpc yr 31

Efeito do espaçamento e da idade sobre variáveis de povoamentos de Pinus Taeda L. Effect of spacing and age on stand variables of Pinus Taeda L.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os dados de um experimento sobre espaçamento inicial, implantado em povoamentos de Pinus taeda L. não-desbastados pertencentes à empresa IGARAS, localizados no Planalto Serrano do Estado de Santa Catarina, no Sul do Brasil. O experimento consistiu em um delineamento em blocos casualizados com três repetições e nove tratamentos (espaçamentos 1,5 x 1,0; 2,0 x 1,0; 2,5 x 1,0; 1,5 x 2,0; 2,0 x 2,0; 1,5 x 3,0; 2,5 x 2,0; 2,0 x 3,0; e 2,5 x 3,0 m). As medições foram realizadas nas idades de 4 a 14 anos. O efeito dos espaçamentos e da idade sobre as variáveis do povoamento foi analisado por meio do teste de Scott-Knot e de análise de regressão. Os resultados apontaram que os espaçamentos influenciam a tendência de crescimento em altura total, em área basal por ha, em diâmetro quadrático, em volume por árvore e em volume por ha. Os resultados permitiram confirmar que o espaçamento possui pouco efeito sobre as estimativas de altura total e que, aos 14 anos, os maiores espaçamentos proporcionam maiores estimativas de diâmetro quadrático, de volume por árvore e de sobrevivência e menores estimativas de área basal por ha e de volume por ha.<br>The objective of this study was to analyze data from an experiment on initial spacing, installed in unthinned stands of Pinus taeda L. owned by IGARAS company, located in the Planalto Serrano, State of Santa Catarina, in Southern Brazil. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three repetitions and nine treatments (spacing 1.5 x 1.0; 2.0 x 1.0; 2.5 x 1.0; 1.5 x 2.0; 2.0 x 2.0; 1.5 x 3.0; 2.5 x 2.0; 2.0 x 3.0; and 2.5 x 3.0 m). The measurements were taken from 4 to 14 years. The spacing and age effect on stand variables was analyzed by the Scott-Knot test and regression analysis. The results showed that the spacing influenced the growth tendency for total height, basal area per ha, quadratic mean diameter, volume per tree and volume per ha. The results allowed the confirmation that the spacing has little effect on the estimates of total height, and up to 14 years, the largest spacings provide larger estimates for quadratic mean diameter, volume per tree and survival, and smaller estimates for basal area per ha and volume per ha

Exigências de triptofano e padrão de recuperação do desempenho de poedeiras comerciais após alimentação com rações deficientes em triptofano Tryptophan requirements and recovery performance pattern of commercial laying hens after feeding tryptophan-deficient diets

Este experimento foi conduzido para avaliar as exigências de triptofano e o padrão de recuperação do desempenho de poedeiras alimentadas com rações deficientes em triptofano. Foram utilizadas 160 poedeiras comerciais da linhagem Hisex White distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco níveis de triptofano nas dietas (0,13; 0,15; 0,17; 0,19 e 0,21%), com oito repetições de quatro aves. As poedeiras permaneceram por duas semanas em adaptação (51 a 52 semanas), por seis semanas para avaliação da exigência de triptofano (53 a 58 semanas) e por quatro semanas para determinação do padrão de recuperação do desempenho (59 a 62 semanas). A produção e a massa de ovos foram prejudicadas quando as poedeiras foram alimentadas com rações contendo 0,13% de triptofano, no entanto, o desempenho foi recuperado após uma semana de alimentação com ração contendo 0,21% desse aminoácido. A qualidade interna dos ovos não foi influenciada pelos níveis de triptofano estudados (ingestão de 137,1 a 228,0 mg triptofano/dia). As exigências de triptofano foram estabelecidas entre 161 e 188 mg/dia, dependendo da característica avaliada (produção ou massa de ovos) e do modelo de regressão aplicado (polinomial, exponencial ou segmentado).<br>This experiment was carried out to evaluate the tryptophan (Trp) requirements and the recovery performance pattern of laying hens fed Trp-deficient diets. One hundred sixty Hisex White commercial laying hens were randomly distributed in five Trp levels in the diets (0.13, 0.15, 0.17, 0.19 and 0.21% ) with eight replicates of four birds. The laying hens remained for two weeks in adaptation (51 to 52 weeks), for six weeks for evaluation of Trp requirements (53 to 58 weeks) and for four weeks for the determination of the recovery performance pattern (59 to 62 weeks). Egg production and egg mass were impaired when laying hens were fed diets containing 0.13% of Trp, however, the performance was recovered after one week of feeding under a diet containing 0.21% of this amino acid. Internal egg quality was not influenced by the Trp levels studied (intake among 137.1 to 228.0 of Trp mg/day). Tryptophan requirements ranged from 161 to 188 mg/ay, depending on the characteristics evaluated (egg production or egg mass) and the regression model applied (polynomial, exponential or broken line)

Forest type interacts with milkweed invasion to affect spider communities

Abstract Non-native tree plantations constitute a large part of forestation worldwide. Plantations are prone to invasion by exotic herbaceous plant species due to habitat properties, including understory vegetation structure. We established 40 sampling sites in 10 plantation forests. Sites were selected according to tree species (native poplar forests and exotic pine plantations) and common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) density (invaded and non-invaded sites) in a full factorial design. We collected spiders with pitfall traps. We found a significant effect of A. syriaca invasion on spider functional diversity (Rao's quadratic entropy), with invaded sites having a lower functional diversity than non-invaded sites. A larger effect of invasion with A. syriaca on the RaoQ of spiders was observed in pine compared to poplar plantations. Spider species were larger, and web-building spiders were more frequent in poplar forests than in pine plantations. We found no effect of A. syriaca invasion on species richness or abundance of spiders. Species composition of spider assemblages in the two forest types was clearly separated according to non-metric multidimensional scaling. We identified seven species associated with pine plantations and six species associated with poplar plantations. The similar species richness and the higher functional diversity of non-invaded sites suggested that these trait states were less similar than invaded sites and that functionally different species were present. In contrast, the invaded sites had lower functional diversities and thus more uniform trait state compositions, suggesting that environmental filtering played an important role in species sorting, making invaded plantations low-quality secondary habitats for the original spider fauna