Jón Pétursson læknir og ritverk hans II

Neðst á síðunni er hægt að nálgast greinina í heild sinni með því að smella á hlekkinn Skoða/Opna(view/open)Fyrri hluti þessarar greinar birtist í aprílblaðinu: Læknablaðið 2011; 97: 245-7.Jón Pétursson (1733-1801) was an apprentice af the first Chief Medical Officer of Iceland. In 1765 Pétursson enrolled in the Medical Faculty at the University of Copenhagen. In 1769 with the Faculties approval he published a monograph on the so called Icelandic Scurvy. In 1770-71 Pétursson served as ship’s surgeon in the Royal Danish Navy on an expedition to the Mediterranean. In 1772-1775 he served as an assistant to the Chief Medical Officer and the newly appointed apothecary, who shared premises at Nes, Reykjavík. In 1775 he was appointed surgeon (chirurgeon) to the Northern District. Pétursson wrote two medical book while serving his district, both being prepared now for republication. A. The Lækningabók fyrir almúga (Leechbook for common people) published posthumously 1834, edited by Sveinn Pálsson surgeon. It was undoubtedly inspired by the Swiss physician Tissot and his book Avis au peuple sur sa santé ou traité des maladies plus fréquentes 1761. B. A treatise on rheumatism or dirorder of the joints (Stutt ágrip um iktsýki edur lidaveiki, 1782). In Scand J Rheumatol 1996: 25; 134-7 the authors point out that Péturssons description of what he calls arthritis vaga encompasses these essential features: It is common, chronic, destructive, inflammatory polyarthritis, sometimes with systemic manifestations. It affects peope of all ages and has a female preponderance. They state that only rheumatoid arthritis fulfills these specifications. They conclude that medical history should give Pétursson credit for the first definite description of rheumatoid arthritis

Death and dying - definition and determination

To access publisher full text version of this article. Please click on the hyperlink in Additional Links fieldFor the first half of this century there was no major dispute over the criteria for death. This was to change dramatically with major technological breakthroughs in modern medicine starting with the advent of the respirators. The consequences of their use raised serious questions about the traditional ways of diagnosing death. Today there are two different philosophical positions about what it means to be dead in terms of brain functions: One, which is not currently law in any jurisdiction, would pronounce a person dead when there is an irreversible loss of higher brain functions. This has been called cognitive death. The patient is not in a coma, because arousal mechanisms are present, the brain stem functions being relatively intact. The other philosophical position considers a person dead if there is an irreversible loss of the functions of the brain stem or the entire brain. The neurologic syndrome of brain death has been accepted by the medical profession as a distinct clinical entity that experienced physicians can diagnose with an extremely high degree of certainty, and can usually easily be distinguished from other neurologic syndromes. However, we must not lose sight of the fact that this is less a conclusion than a beginning. It is the task of philosophy to offer analyses of personhood and of personal identity that might support practical formulations for the determination of death and theology has reflected upon the meaning of death, if not its definition, from time immemorial. To define the death of a human being we must recognize the characteristics that are essential to humaneness. It is quite inadequate to limit the discussion to the death of the heart or the brain.Sá einstaklingur er látinn, sem hefir annað hvort orðið fyrir því, (a) að öndun og blóðrás hafi endanlega stöðvast eða hins vegar því, (b) að öll starfsemi alls heilans sé óafturkallanlega hætt, þar með talin starfsemi heilastofnsins. Dauði skal staðfestur í samræmi við viðurkennda læknisfræðilega staðla (1)

A Lightweight Multilevel Markup Language for Connecting Software Requirements and Simulations

[Context] Simulation is a powerful tool to validate specified requirements especially for complex systems that constantly monitor and react to characteristics of their environment. The simulators for such systems are complex themselves as they simulate multiple actors with multiple interacting functions in a number of different scenarios. To validate requirements in such simulations, the requirements must be related to the simulation runs. [Problem] In practice, engineers are reluctant to state their requirements in terms of structured languages or models that would allow for a straightforward relation of requirements to simulation runs. Instead, the requirements are expressed as unstructured natural language text that is hard to assess in a set of complex simulation runs. Therefore, the feedback loop between requirements and simulation is very long or non-existent at all. [Principal idea] We aim to close the gap between requirements specifications and simulation by proposing a lightweight markup language for requirements. Our markup language provides a set of annotations on different levels that can be applied to natural language requirements. The annotations are mapped to simulation events. As a result, meaningful information from a set of simulation runs is shown directly in the requirements specification. [Contribution] Instead of forcing the engineer to write requirements in a specific way just for the purpose of relating them to a simulator, the markup language allows annotating the already specified requirements up to a level that is interesting for the engineer. We evaluate our approach by analyzing 8 original requirements of an automotive system in a set of 100 simulation runs

EPICURUS’ SECOND REMEDY: “DEATH IS NOTHING TO US”

Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never taste of death but once. Of all the wonders that I yet have heard, It seems to me most strange that men should fear; Seeing that death, a necessary end, Will come when it will come. (Shakespeare, Julius Caesar II, ii, 32-37) That death is complete extinction is the message forcefully driven home by the Epicurean analysis of the soul as a temporary amalgam of atomic particles . . . The moral corollary, that you should not let the fear of death ruin your life, is a cardinal tenet of Epicurean ethics. (Long and Sedley 1987:153) The second remedy of the tetrapharmakos concerns the second of the two great fears to which man is subject: death. Frischer (1982:208) observes that the Epicureans regarded death as “more damaging to peace of mind than all other fears except fear of the gods”. The Epicurean position is stated clearly in the surviving writings of the Master, and it is necessary to go directly to the ipsissima verba as our starting point, and then to augment our understanding of Epicurus’ words with further passages from later Epicureans and other philosophers. In these writings we shall see that death, as the material dissolution of body and soul, is a process at once natural, inevitable, and final

Deffated microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. as a feed ingredient for Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar). Effect on growth, feed utilisation, digestibility and physical quality of feed

Masteroppgave i havbruk - Nord universitet, 2016Sperra for utlån til 2019-09-0

Open abdomen therapy with vacuum-assisted wound closure and mesh-mediated fascial traction

Introduction: Several life-threatening intra-abdominal conditions may be treated with open abdomen (OA) therapy. Potential complications to OA treatment include damage to the exposed bowel resulting in enteric fistulas, and inability to close the abdomen afterwards resulting in large ventral hernias. Vacuum-assisted wound closure and mesh-mediated fascial traction (VAWCM) is a novel technique for temporary closure of an OA, intended to increase the chances of subsequent delayed primary fascial closure without increasing the risk of complications. A classification system for the OA has been proposed by the World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (WSACS), aimed at improving OA therapy and facilitating clinical research, but has not previously been evaluated. Aims: The aims were to study: - Short-term clinical outcome of OA therapy with VAWCM with regards to fascial closure and factors associated with failure of fascial closure, mortality, morbidity and possible technique-related complications. - One-year clinical outcome of OA therapy with VAWCM with regards to the incidence of incisional- and parastomal hernias, abdominal wall discomfort and frequency of hernia repair operations after one year. - Validity and reliability of the 2013 OA classification system by WSACS and to propose instructions for use with the classification. - Physiological effects of vacuum therapy (VAWC) in an OA with regards to the extent of negative pressure reaching the bowel, the efficacy of the VAWC system in draining fluid from the abdominal cavity and whether paraffin gauzes can be effectively used as pressure isolation when placed between the vacuum source and the bowel. Results/conclusions : - VAWCM provided a high fascial closure rate after long-term OA treatment in mostly elderly, non-trauma patients. Technique-related complications were few and fistula incidence and mortality were similar to other studies. - Incisional hernia incidence one year after OA therapy with VAWCM was high. Most hernias were small and asymptomatic and few required surgical repair during the first year. - The validity and reliability analysis of the OA classification system by WSACS showed that each patient’s most complex OA grade, worsening OA grade without later improvement, as well as development of grade C (enteric leak) or grade 4 (entero-atmospheric fistula) were associated with worse outcome (mortality and failure of fascial closure). Every effort should be made to prevent patients from ascending to a more complex OA grade, to try to repair enteric leaks and to avoid enteroatmospheric fistulas. - Negative pressure reaching the bowel during VAWC therapy was limited, regardless of negative pressure setting. Reduced therapy pressure did not lead to reduced pressure at the bowel surface. The system drained the abdominal cavity completely of fluid. Paraffin gauzes were of limited value as a means of isolation against pressure propagation

An Iceland hotspot saga

Is Iceland a hotspot, with ridge-centered plume? In Iceland vigorous volcanism has built up a plateau 3.0 km higher than at a normal mid-ocean ridge with 3 to 4 times thicker crust than average oceanic crust. This volcanism can be associated with anomalous volcanism for 56–61 Ma in the form of aseismic ridges that stretch across the North Atlantic Ocean through Iceland, i.e. the Greenland-Iceland-Ridge (GIR) and the Faeroe-Iceland-Ridge (FIR). Iceland is a “meltspot” and an hotspot and the GIR and FIR may be hotspot trails. The trends or age progressions of the GIR and FIR are too uncertain to conclude if the Iceland hotspot can be a fixed reference point. There is a large seismic low-velocity anomaly (LVA) in the mantle under Iceland at least down to 400–450 km depth and with globally low velocities down to 200 km depth. The center of the LVA is at 64◦40’N and 18◦10’W between the glaciers Hofsjökull and Vatnajökull. The shape of the LVA is approximately that of a cylinder in the depth range 100–450 km, but at certain depths elongated in the northsouth direction. The LVA extends at least up to 30–40 km depth beneath Central Iceland and the rift zones. The shallower part of the LVA (i.e. above 150 km depth) extends at least 700 km outside of Iceland to the southwest, along the Reykjanes Ridge. The LVA has been numerically modelled with geodynamic methods by several authors as a ridge-centered convecting plume. They try to fit crustal thickness of the Iceland hotspot and neighbouring ridge, and the magnitude and shape of the LVA. The latest of these models find a best fit: A plume 135–150◦C hotter than background mantle, retaining in general 1% partial melt in a maximum 90 km thick melting zone, but reaching up to 2–3% partial melt in the shallowest mantle. The rest of produced melt goes into forming the crust. Considerable work has been carried out on various plume models to explain these and other observations in Iceland, but the models are still some way from reaching a mature state. As long as important observations are lacking and some key questions remain unanswered, alternatives to the plume model or more realistic variants of it in a larger tectonic framework, including heterogeneous mantle, should not be discouraged.Er Ísland heitur reitur (hotspot) sem dregur orku sína frá möttulstróki undir úthafshrygg? Þarna hefur öflug eldvirkni myndað hásléttu sem rís 3,0 km upp yfir úthafshrygginn í Norður-Atlantshafi, og jarðskorpu sem er 3–4 sinnum þykkari heldur en venjulegur úthafshryggur hefur. Þessa umfram eldvirkni Íslands má rekja 56–61 milljón ára aftur í tímann í óvirkum hryggjum sem teygja sig eftir Norður- Atlantshafinu, þ.e. í Grænlands-Íslands hryggnum (GÍH) og Færeyja-Íslands hryggnum (FÍH). Ísland er heitur reitur, svæði með óvenju mikinn kvikubúskap (meltspot), og áðurnefnda hryggi má líta á sem spor eða eftirstöðvar heita reitsins (hotspot trails). Stefna GÍH og FÍH og aldursdreifing bergs í þeim er hins vegar of óviss til þess að slá megi því föstu að íslenski heiti reiturinn sé einn af föstum viðmiðunarpunktum jarðarinnar. Undir Íslandi er stórt svæði sem tefur jarðskálftabylgjur meira en gerist annars staðar vegna lághraðasvæðis í möttlinum (LSM). LSM nær a.m.k. niður á 400–450 km dýpi. Miðja þess er staðsett 64◦40’N og 18◦10’V, það er á milli Hofsjökuls og Vatnajökuls. Í stórum dráttum hefur LSM sívalningslögun á dýpinu 100–450 km, en það teygist úr svæðinu í N-S stefnu sums staðar á þessu dýpi. Undir miðju Íslands og undir gosbeltunum nær LSM að komast næst yfirborði jarðar eða upp að 30–40 km. Grynnri hluti LSM (þ.e. 150 km) nær a.m.k. 700 km út fyrir Ísland eftir Reykjaneshryggnum. Með aflfræðilegum reiknilíkönum hefur verið hermt eftir áhrifum möttulstóks. Nýjustu líkönin og þau sem herma best eftir LSM og þykkt jarðskorpunnar undir heita reitnum og nálægum úthafshryggjum reikna með flæði efnis sem er 135–150◦C heitara en bakgrunnsmöttullinn. Í 90 km þykku (lóðrétt) bræðslusvæði stróksins er að meðaltali 1% hlutbráð. Mest nær hlutbráðin 2–3% í grynnsta hluta svæðisins. Umframbráðin stígur upp og myndar jarðskorpuna. Möttulstrókslíkön hafa þróast, en hafa ekki enn náð nægilegri fullkomnun. Á meðan ekki hefur verið lagður grunnur að öllum grundvallareiginleikum möttulstróka, ætti ekki að letja hugmyndavinnu sem sækir á önnur mið til þess að útskýra uppruna heitra reita. Möttulstrókslíkön framtíðarinnar taka væntanlega mið af stærri tektónískri heild og mismunandi efnafræðilegri gerð möttulsins.Peer Reviewe

Determinants of Chinese investments within the EU

Since opening up their economy Chinese ODIs has started to be a large part of the country’s economic development. In recent years the share of ODI from China into the EU has increased dramatically. In this paper, an empirical estimation on the determinants of Chinese ODIs in EU is made. The date used for calculations are collected from different databases at the World Bank as well as at the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. The results indicate that Chinese investors focus on Europe as an investing opportunity of two reasons. Firstly, investments are made in order to increase efficiency of firms and production. Secondly, as Europe is relatively large market the opportunities for increased market share seems to be an important indicator