Localization and broadband follow-up of the gravitational-wave transient GW150914

A gravitational-wave (GW) transient was identified in data recorded by the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) detectors on 2015 September 14. The event, initially designated G184098 and later given the name GW150914, is described in detail elsewhere. By prior arrangement, preliminary estimates of the time, significance, and sky location of the event were shared with 63 teams of observers covering radio, optical, near-infrared, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths with ground- and space-based facilities. In this Letter we describe the low-latency analysis of the GW data and present the sky localization of the first observed compact binary merger. We summarize the follow-up observations reported by 25 teams via private Gamma-ray Coordinates Network circulars, giving an overview of the participating facilities, the GW sky localization coverage, the timeline, and depth of the observations. As this event turned out to be a binary black hole merger, there is little expectation of a detectable electromagnetic (EM) signature. Nevertheless, this first broadband campaign to search for a counterpart of an Advanced LIGO source represents a milestone and highlights the broad capabilities of the transient astronomy community and the observing strategies that have been developed to pursue neutron star binary merger events. Detailed investigations of the EM data and results of the EM follow-up campaign are being disseminated in papers by the individual teams

Evidence-based Kernels: Fundamental Units of Behavioral Influence

This paper describes evidence-based kernels, fundamental units of behavioral influence that appear to underlie effective prevention and treatment for children, adults, and families. A kernel is a behavior–influence procedure shown through experimental analysis to affect a specific behavior and that is indivisible in the sense that removing any of its components would render it inert. Existing evidence shows that a variety of kernels can influence behavior in context, and some evidence suggests that frequent use or sufficient use of some kernels may produce longer lasting behavioral shifts. The analysis of kernels could contribute to an empirically based theory of behavioral influence, augment existing prevention or treatment efforts, facilitate the dissemination of effective prevention and treatment practices, clarify the active ingredients in existing interventions, and contribute to efficiently developing interventions that are more effective. Kernels involve one or more of the following mechanisms of behavior influence: reinforcement, altering antecedents, changing verbal relational responding, or changing physiological states directly. The paper describes 52 of these kernels, and details practical, theoretical, and research implications, including calling for a national database of kernels that influence human behavior

Localization and broadband follow-up of the gravitational-wave transient GW150914

A gravitational-wave transient was identified in data recorded by the Advanced LIGO detectors on 2015 September 14. The event candidate, initially designated G184098 and later given the name GW150914, is described in detail elsewhere. By prior arrangement, preliminary estimates of the time, significance, and sky location of the event were shared with 63 teams of observers covering radio, optical, near-infrared, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths with ground- and space-based facilities. In this Letter we describe the low-latency analysis of the gravitational wave data and present the sky localization of the first observed compact binary merger. We summarize the follow-up observations reported by 25 teams via private Gamma-ray Coordinates Network Circulars, giving an overview of the participating facilities, the gravitational wave sky localization coverage, the timeline and depth of the observations. As this event turned out to be a binary black hole merger, there is little expectation of a detectable electromagnetic signature. Nevertheless, this first broadband campaign to search for a counterpart of an Advanced LIGO source represents a milestone and highlights the broad capabilities of the transient astronomy community and the observing strategies that have been developed to pursue neutron star binary merger events. Detailed investigations of the electromagnetic data and results of the electromagnetic follow-up campaign will be disseminated in the papers of the individual teams

NEUTRAL STRANGE PARTICLE-PRODUCTION IN DEEP-INELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA RID B-9165-2008 RID C-5889-2009 RID A-4818-2008 RID C-1693-2008

This paper presents measurements of K-0 and Lambda production in neutral current, deep inelastic scattering of 26.7 GeV electrons and 820 GeV protons in the kinematic range 10 0.04. Average multiplicities for K-0 and Lambda production are determined for transverse momenta p(T) > 0.5 GeV and pseudorapidities \eta\ < 1.3. The multiplicities favour a stronger strange to light quark suppression in the fragmentation chain than found in e(+)e(-) experiments. The production properties of K-0's in events with and without a large rapidity gap with respect to the proton direction are compared. The ratio of neutral K-0's to charged particles per event in the measured kinematic range is, within the present statistics, the same in both samples

MEASUREMENT OF THE DIFFRACTIVE STRUCTURE-FUNCTION IN DEEP-INELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA RID B-9165-2008 RID C-5889-2009 RID A-4818-2008 RID C-1693-2008

This paper presents an analysis of the inclusive properties of diffractive deep inelastic scattering events produced in ep interactions at HERA. The events are characterised by a rapidity gap between the outgoing proton system and the remaining hadronic system. Inclusive distributions are presented and compared with Monte Carlo models for diffractive processes. The data are consistent with models where the pomeron structure function has a hard and a soft contribution. The diffractive structure function is measured as a function of x(p), the momentum fraction lost by the proton, of beta, the momentum fraction of the struck quark with respect to x(p), and of Q(2) in the range 6.3 10(-4) < x(p) < 10(-2), 0.1 < .beta < 0.8 and 8 < Q(2) < 100 GeV2. The x(p) dependence is consistent with the form (1/x(p))(alpha) where alpha = 1.30 +/- 0.08 (stat)(-0.14)(+0.08) (sys) in all bins of beta and Q(2). In the measured Q(2) range, the diffractive structure function approximately scales with Q(2) at fixed beta. In an Ingelman-Schlein type model where commonly used pomeron flux factor normalisations are assumed, it is found that the quarks within the pomeron do not saturate the momentum sum rule

MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL AND PARTIAL PHOTON PROTON CROSS-SECTIONS AT 180 GEV CENTER-OF-MASS ENERGY RID C-1693-2008 RID B-9165-2008 RID C-5889-2009 RID A-4818-2008

Photon proton cross sections for elastic light vector meson production, sigma(el)gammap, inelastic diffractive production, sigma(d)gammap, non-diffractive production, sigma(nd)gammap, as well as the total cross section, sigma(tot)gammap, have been measured at an average gammap center of mass energy of 180 GeV with the ZEUS detector at HERA. The resulting values are sigma(el)gammap = 18 +/- 7 mub, sigma(d)gammap = 33 +/- 8 mub, sigma(nd)gammap = 91 +/- 11 mub, and sigma(tot)gammap = 143 +/- 17 mub, where the errors include statistical and systematic errors added in quadrature

MEASUREMENT OF MULTIPLICITY AND MOMENTUM SPECTRA IN THE CURRENT FRAGMENTATION REGION OF THE BREIT FRAME AT HERA RID B-9165-2008 RID C-5889-2009 RID A-4818-2008 RID C-1693-2008

Charged particle production has been measured in Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS) events using the ZEUS detector over a large range of Q(2) from 10 to 1280 GeV2 The evolution with Q of the charged multiplicity and scaled momentum has been investigated in the current fragmentation region of the Breit frame. The data are used to study QCD coherence effects in DIS and are compared with corresponding e(+)e(-) data in order to test the universality of quark fragmentation