Recent consequences of climate change have affected tree growth in distinct Nothofagus macrocarpa (DC.) FM Vaz & Rodr age classes in Central Chile

Forests play an important role in water and carbon cycles in semiarid regions such as the Mediterranean ecosystems. Previous research in the Chilean Mediterranean forests revealed a break point in 1980 in regional tree-ring chronologies linked to climate change. However, it is still unclear which populations and age classes are more affected by recent increases in drought conditions. In this study, we investigated the influence of recent variations in precipitation, temperature, and CO2 concentrations on tree growth of various populations and age classes of Nothofagus macrocarpa trees in Central Chile. We sampled 10 populations from five sites of N. macrocarpa through its whole geographic distribution in both Coastal and Andes ranges. We used standard dendrochronological methods to (i) group populations using principal component analysis, (ii) separate age classes (young, mature, and old trees), (iii) evaluate linear growth trends based on the basal area increment (BAI), and (iv) analyze the link between BAI and atmospheric changes using linear mixed-effects models. Results showed that young trees are more sensitive to climate variability. Regarding population grouping, we observed that all population clusters were sensitive to winter-spring precipitation, but only the Andes and Coastal populations were negatively correlated with temperature. The results of CO2 fertilization analyses were controversial and unclear. Since young trees from all population clusters reacted positively in the phase with an increase of atmospheric CO2 between 1980 and 2014, this behavior was not translated into growth for the last 15 years (2000-2014). However, it should be noted that the young trees of the highest elevation populations did not have a negative growth trend, so it seems that CO2 counteracted the negative effect of recent regional climate change (increase in temperature and precipitation decrease) in these population trees. Further studies are needed to assess the effects of climate variability over other ecological and physiological processes.Fil: Venegas González, Alejandro. Universidad Mayor.; ChileFil: Roig Junent, Fidel Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Peña Rojas, Karen. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Hadad, Martín Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Centro de Investigaciones de la Geosfera y Biosfera. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones de la Geosfera y Biosfera; ArgentinaFil: Aguilera Betti, Isabella. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; Chile. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Muñoz, Ariel A.. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; Chil

Anomalías anatómicas en anillos de crecimiento anuales de Austrocedrus chilensis (D. Don) Pic.-Serm. et Bizzarri en el norte de su rango de distribución

Tree-ring anatomical anomalies have received little attention in southern South American trees, however they can contain valuable intra-annual environmental information. This study addressed for the first time the three most frequent treering anomalies recorded in the northern and oldest known Austrocedrus chilensis forest in central Chile (32-35°S). Three anatomic anomalies described were: partially absent rings, intra-annual bands and frost rings. Partially absent rings resulted from cambial inactivity during a complete growing period and require dendrochronological tools to be detected. Intraannual bands are consequence of the abundance-shortage of environmental resources during the growing season and can be detected by examining the undefined late-wood boundaries. Frost rings, are caused by extreme low temperatures and are characterized by collapsed cells in the tree-ring growth. Results indicate that the northern most population exhibited the highest rate of absent rings, while the occurrence of intra-annual bands seems to be rather minor in the study area. Finally, frost rings are registered mainly in the younger trees in all three studied sites. These results suggest the potential for future spatio-temporal studies that examine the frequency of these anatomical anomalies in A. chilensis chronologies along its wide geographical distribution. This will complement the current environmental information recorded by its growth rates.Las anomalías anatómicas en los anillos de crecimiento anuales de los árboles han sido poco estudiadas en el sur de Sudamérica, sin embargo son elementos que pueden proporcionar información intra-anual valiosa para el estudio de eventos ambientales. En el presente estudio se aborda la primera caracterización de este tipo de anomalías presentes en anillos de crecimiento en las poblaciones más septentrionales y longevas de Austrocedrus chilensis en Chile central (32ºS - 35ºS). Las tres anomalías descritas fueron: anillos ausentes, bandas intra-anuales y anillos afectados por congelamiento. Los anillos ausentes resultan de la inactividad cambial durante toda una temporada de crecimiento, detectables mediante técnicas de cofechado dendrocronológico. Las bandas intra-anuales se forman a causa de eventos de escases-abundancia de recursos dentro de un mismo periodo de crecimiento y se reconocen por un límite difuso en la madera tardía hacia ambos bordes de la banda. Por último, los anillos por congelamiento son causados por bajas temperaturas y se presentan en el anillo de crecimiento como una línea de células colapsadas. Los porcentajes de presencia de estas anomalías en cada cronología de ancho de anillos relativos a otros estudios indican que A. chilensis es propicio para el estudio de anillos ausentes particularmente en su población más septentrional. Las bandas intra-anuales muestran un bajo porcentaje de ocurrencia en la zona de estudio. Finalmente, los anillos por congelamiento se presentan principalmente en edades poco avanzadas de los árboles estudiados en los tres sitios analizados. Estos resultados sugieren realizar posteriores estudios espacio-temporales acerca de la frecuencia de anomalías anatómicas en cronologías de A. chilensis a lo largo de su extenso rango de distribución, con el fin de complementar la información ambiental brindada por sus tasas de crecimiento

Anatomic anomalies in annual tree-rings of Austrocedrus chilensis (D. Don) Pic.-Serm. et Bizzarri in its northern distribution range

Las anomalías anatómicas en los anillos de crecimiento anuales de los árboles han sido poco estudiadas en el sur de Sudamérica, sin embargo son elementos que pueden proporcionar información intra-anual valiosa para el estudio de eventos ambientales. En el presente estudio abordamos la primera caracterización de este tipo de anomalías presentes en anillos de crecimiento en las poblaciones más septentrionales y longevas de A. chilensis en Chile central (32ºS - 35ºS). Las tres anomalías descritas fueron: anillos ausentes, bandas intra-anuales y anillos afectados por congelamiento. Los anillos ausentes resultan de la inactividad cambial durante toda una temporada de crecimiento, detectables mediante técnicas de cofechado dendrocronológico. Las bandas intra-anuales se forman a causa de eventos de escases-abundancia de recursos dentro de un mismo periodo de crecimiento y se reconocen por un límite difuso en la madera tardía hacia ambos bordes de la banda. Por último, los anillos por congelamiento son causados por bajas temperaturas y se presentan en secciones o a lo largo de todo el anillo de crecimiento como una línea de células colapsadas. Los porcentajes de presencia de estas anomalías en cada cronología de ancho de anillos relativos a otros estudios indican que A. chilensis es propicio para el estudio de anillos ausentes particularmente en su población más septentrional. Las bandas intra-anuales muestran un bajo porcentaje de ocurrencia en la zona de estudio. Finalmente, los anillos por congelamiento se presentan principalmente en edades poco avanzadas de los árboles estudiados en los tres sitios analizados. Estos resultados sugieren realizar posteriores estudios espacio-temporales acerca de la frecuencia de anomalías anatómicas en cronologías de A. chilensis a lo largo de su extenso rango de distribución, con el fin de complementar la información ambiental brindada por sus tasas de crecimiento.Tree-ring anatomical anomalies have received little attention in southern South American trees, however they can contain valuable intra-annual environmental information. This study addressed for the first time the three most frequent tree-ring anomalies recorded in the northern and oldest known Austrocedrus chilensis forest in central Chile (32-35°S). Three anatomic anomalies described were: partially absent rings, intra-annual bands and frost rings. Partially absent rings resulted from cambial inactivity during a complete growing period and require dendrochronological tools to be detected. Intra-annual bands are consequence of the abundance-shortage of environmental resources during the growing season and can be detected by examining the undefined late-wood boundaries. Frost rings, are caused by extreme low temperatures and are characterized by collapsed cells in the tree-ring growth. Results indicate that the northern most population exhibited the highest rate of absent rings, while the occurrence of intra-annual bands seems to be rather minor in the study area. Finally, frost rings are registered mainly in the younger trees in all three studied sites. These results suggest the potential for future spatio-temporal studies that examine the frequency of these anatomical anomalies in A. chilensis chronologies along its wide geographical distribution. This will complement the current environmental information recorded by its growth rates.Fil: Rojas Badilla, Moisés. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Álvarez, Claudio. Universidad Austral de Chile; Chile. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Velásquez Álvarez, Gonzalo. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Hadad, Martín Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Laboratorio de Dendrocronología e Historia Ambiental; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Centro de Investigaciones de la Geosfera y Biosfera. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones de la Geosfera y Biosfera; ArgentinaFil: Quesne, Carlos Le. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Christie, Duncan A.. Universidad Austral de Chile; Chile. Universidad de Chile; Chil

Feasibility of a walking virtual reality system for rehabilitation: objective and subjective parameters

[EN] Background: Even though virtual reality (VR) is increasingly used in rehabilitation, the implementation of walking navigation in VR still poses a technological challenge for current motion tracking systems. Different metaphors simulate locomotion without involving real gait kinematics, which can affect presence, orientation, spatial memory and cognition, and even performance. All these factors can dissuade their use in rehabilitation. We hypothesize that a marker-based head tracking solution would allow walking in VR with high sense of presence and without causing sickness. The objectives of this study were to determine the accuracy, the jitter, and the lag of the tracking system and its elicited sickness and presence in comparison of a CAVE system. Methods: The accuracy and the jitter around the working area at three different heights and the lag of the head tracking system were analyzed. In addition, 47 healthy subjects completed a search task that involved navigation in the walking VR system and in the CAVE system. Navigation was enabled by natural locomotion in the walking VR system and through a specific device in the CAVE system. An HMD was used as display in the walking VR system. After interacting with each system, subjects rated their sickness in a seven-point scale and their presence in the Slater-Usoh-Steed Questionnaire and a modified version of the Presence Questionnaire. Results: Better performance was registered at higher heights, where accuracy was less than 0.6 cm and the jitter was about 6 mm. The lag of the system was 120 ms. Participants reported that both systems caused similar low levels of sickness (about 2.4 over 7). However, ratings showed that the walking VR system elicited higher sense of presence than the CAVE system in both the Slater-Usoh-Steed Questionnaire (17.6 +/- 0.3 vs 14.6 +/- 0.6 over 21, respectively) and the modified Presence Questionnaire (107.4 +/- 2.0 vs 93.5 +/- 3.2 over 147, respectively). Conclusions: The marker-based solution provided accurate, robust, and fast head tracking to allow navigation in the VR system by walking without causing relevant sickness and promoting higher sense of presence than CAVE systems, thus enabling natural walking in full-scale environments, which can enhance the ecological validity of VR-based rehabilitation applications.The authors wish to thank the staff of LabHuman for their support in this project, especially José Miguel Martínez and José Roda for their assistance. This study was funded in part by Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spain (Project NeuroVR, TIN2013-44741-R and Project REACT, TIN2014-61975-EXP), by Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia of Spain (Project Consolider-C, SEJ2006-14301/PSIC), and by Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (Grant PAID-10-14).Borrego, A.; Latorre Grau, J.; Llorens Rodríguez, R.; Alcañiz Raya, ML.; Noé, E. (2016). Feasibility of a walking virtual reality system for rehabilitation: objective and subjective parameters. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. 13:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-016-0174-1S1913Lee KM. Presence. Explicated Communication Theory. 2004;14(1):27–50.Riva G. Is presence a technology issue? Some insights from cognitive sciences. Virtual Reality. 2009;13(3):159–69.Banos RM, et al. Immersion and emotion: their impact on the sense of presence. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2004;7(6):734–41.Llorens R, et al. 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Automatic generation and detection of highly reliable fiducial markers under occlusion. Pattern Recognition. 2014;47(6):2280–92.Kim K, et al. Effects of virtual environment platforms on emotional responses. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2014;113(3):882–93.Slater M, Steed A. A virtual presence counter. Presence. 2000;9(5):413–34.Witmer BG, Singer MJ. Measuring presence in virtual environments: a presence questionnaire. Presence Teleop Virt. 1998;7(3):225–40.Martín-Gutiérrez J, et al. Design and validation of an augmented book for spatial abilities development in engineering students. Comput Graph. 2010;34(1):77–91.Lopez-Mir F, et al. Design and validation of an augmented reality system for laparoscopic surgery in a real environment. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:758491.Abawi DF, Bienwald J, Dorner R. Accuracy in optical tracking with fiducial markers: an accuracy function for ARToolKit. 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Effects of delayed visual feedback on grooved pegboard test performance. Front Psychol. 2012;3:61.Keshner EA, et al. Augmenting sensory-motor conflict promotes adaptation of postural behaviors in a virtual environment. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011;2011:1379–82.Slaboda JC, Keshner EA. Reorientation to vertical modulated by combined support surface tilt and virtual visual flow in healthy elders and adults with stroke. J Neurol. 2012;259(12):2664–72.Tossavainen T. Comparison of CAVE and HMD for visual stimulation in postural control research. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2004;98:385–7.Akiduki H, et al. Visual-vestibular conflict induced by virtual reality in humans. Neurosci Lett. 2003;340(3):197–200.Duh HBL, et al. Effects of field of view on balance in an immersive environment. In: Virtual Reality, 2001. Proceedings. IEEE. 2001.Krijn M, et al. Treatment of acrophobia in virtual reality: the role of immersion and presence. Behav Res Ther. 2004;42(2):229–39.Mania K, Chalmers A. 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MASTREE+: Time-series of plant reproductive effort from six continents.

Significant gaps remain in understanding the response of plant reproduction to environmental change. This is partly because measuring reproduction in long-lived plants requires direct observation over many years and such datasets have rarely been made publicly available. Here we introduce MASTREE+, a data set that collates reproductive time-series data from across the globe and makes these data freely available to the community. MASTREE+ includes 73,828 georeferenced observations of annual reproduction (e.g. seed and fruit counts) in perennial plant populations worldwide. These observations consist of 5971 population-level time-series from 974 species in 66 countries. The mean and median time-series length is 12.4 and 10 years respectively, and the data set includes 1122 series that extend over at least two decades (≥20 years of observations). For a subset of well-studied species, MASTREE+ includes extensive replication of time-series across geographical and climatic gradients. Here we describe the open-access data set, available as a.csv file, and we introduce an associated web-based app for data exploration. MASTREE+ will provide the basis for improved understanding of the response of long-lived plant reproduction to environmental change. Additionally, MASTREE+ will enable investigation of the ecology and evolution of reproductive strategies in perennial plants, and the role of plant reproduction as a driver of ecosystem dynamics

Age effects on the climatic signal in <i>Araucaria araucana</i> from xeric sites in Patagonia, Argentina

<div><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> At different cambial ages, trees experience changes in their structure and interactions with environmental conditions. Reciprocal mechanisms between tree age and physical resources, photosynthetic rates, and xylem production may influence hydraulic resistance and plant water stress. However, it is yet uncertain how these mechanisms are associated with changes in growth sensitivity to biophysical drivers, especially climate.</p><p><b><i>Aim:</i></b> To establish age-associated climate – growth relationships in growth rings of <i>Araucaria araucana</i> trees from the temperate xeric zones of northern Patagonia, Argentina.</p><p><b><i>Methods:</i></b> We analysed the growth in 211 <i>A. araucana</i> trees from four sampling sites, in three age classes: young (≤120 years), mature (121–275 years), and old (≥276 years). We explored the correlations between the signal strength of tree growth and climate, based on comparisons between each age-class chronology and monthly mean surface air temperature, total precipitation, and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) index.</p><p><b><i>Results:</i></b> The young trees showed higher correlations when their growth was compared with precipitation, air temperature, and the SAM index during austral spring and summer months of the same year. In contrast, growth in mature and old trees showed higher correlations with summer temperatures of the previous growing season.</p><p><b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The sensitivity of the radial-growth response of <i>A. araucana</i> to climate varies with age and is strongest in the rings of young trees.</p></div

La tierra es nuestra, tuya y de aquel : las disputas por el territorio en América Latina

Prólogo 11. Imágenes 17. México 25. Norma Giarracca, Miguel Teubal, Luciana García Guerreiro, Juan Wahren. Guatemala 71. Norma Giarracca y Miguel Teubal. Venezuela 99. Francisco Longa y Juan Wahren. Brasil 131. Miguel Teubal. Argentina 153. Pablo Barbetta, César Gómez, Gisela Hadad, Daniel Martín. La lucha por la tierra en América Latina 205. Miguel Teubal. Notas sobre entrevistas, voces y ensambles 231. Karina Bidaseca, Norma Giarracca. Bibliografía 235. Anexo Mapas 243