Behavioral and Cellular Tagging in Young and in Early Cognitive Aging

The ability to maintain relevant information on a daily basis is negatively impacted by aging. However, the neuronal mechanism manifesting memory persistence in young animals and memory decline in early aging is not fully understood. A novel event, when introduced around encoding of an everyday memory task, can facilitate memory persistence in young age but not in early aging. Here, we investigated in male rats how sub-regions of the hippocampus are involved in memory representation in behavioral tagging and how early aging affects such representation by combining behavioral training in appetitive delayed-matching-to-place tasks with the “cellular compartment analysis of temporal activity by fluorescence in situ hybridization” technique. We show that neuronal assemblies activated by memory encoding were also partially activated by novelty, particularly in the distal CA1 and proximal CA3 subregions in young male rats. In early aging, both encoding- and novelty-triggered neuronal populations were significantly reduced with a more profound effect in encoding neurons. Thus, memory persistence through novelty facilitation engages overlapping hippocampal assemblies as a key cellular signature, and cognitive aging is associated with underlying reduction in neuronal activation

Recommendations for the non-pharmacological treatment of apathy in brain disorders

Apathy is a common neuropsychiatric syndrome observed across many neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders. Although there are currently no definitive standard therapies for the treatment of apathy, non-pharmacological treatment (NPT) is often considered to be at the forefront of clinical management. However, guidelines on how to select, prescribe and administer NPT in clinical practice are lacking. Furthermore, although new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are beginning to be employed in NPT, their role is still unclear. The objective of the present work is to provide recommendations for the use of NPT for apathy, and to discuss the role of ICT in this domain, based on opinions gathered from experts in the field. The expert panel included 20 researchers and healthcare professionals working on brain disorders and apathy. Following a standard Delphi methodology, experts answered questions via several rounds of web-surveys, and then discussed the results in a plenary meeting. The experts suggested that NPT are useful to consider as therapy for people presenting with different neurocognitive and psychiatric diseases at all stages, with evidence of apathy across domains. The presence of a therapist and/or a caregiver is important in delivering NPT effectively, but parts of the treatment may be performed by the patient alone. NPT can be delivered both in clinical settings and at home. However, while remote treatment delivery may be cost and time-effective, it should be considered with caution, and tailored based on the patient's cognitive and physical profile and living conditions

FUS and TARDBP but Not SOD1 Interact in Genetic Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Mutations in the SOD1 and TARDBP genes have been commonly identified in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Recently, mutations in the Fused in sarcoma gene (FUS) were identified in familial (FALS) ALS cases and sporadic (SALS) patients. Similarly to TDP-43 (coded by TARDBP gene), FUS is an RNA binding protein. Using the zebrafish (Danio rerio), we examined the consequences of expressing human wild-type (WT) FUS and three ALS–related mutations, as well as their interactions with TARDBP and SOD1. Knockdown of zebrafish Fus yielded a motor phenotype that could be rescued upon co-expression of wild-type human FUS. In contrast, the two most frequent ALS–related FUS mutations, R521H and R521C, unlike S57Δ, failed to rescue the knockdown phenotype, indicating loss of function. The R521H mutation caused a toxic gain of function when expressed alone, similar to the phenotype observed upon knockdown of zebrafish Fus. This phenotype was not aggravated by co-expression of both mutant human TARDBP (G348C) and FUS (R521H) or by knockdown of both zebrafish Tardbp and Fus, consistent with a common pathogenic mechanism. We also observed that WT FUS rescued the Tardbp knockdown phenotype, but not vice versa, suggesting that TARDBP acts upstream of FUS in this pathway. In addition we observed that WT SOD1 failed to rescue the phenotype observed upon overexpression of mutant TARDBP or FUS or upon knockdown of Tardbp or Fus; similarly, WT TARDBP or FUS also failed to rescue the phenotype induced by mutant SOD1 (G93A). Finally, overexpression of mutant SOD1 exacerbated the motor phenotype caused by overexpression of mutant FUS. Together our results indicate that TARDBP and FUS act in a pathogenic pathway that is independent of SOD1

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Modelling human choices: MADeM and decision‑making

Research supported by FAPESP 2015/50122-0 and DFG-GRTK 1740/2. RP and AR are also part of the Research, Innovation and Dissemination Center for Neuromathematics FAPESP grant (2013/07699-0). RP is supported by a FAPESP scholarship (2013/25667-8). ACR is partially supported by a CNPq fellowship (grant 306251/2014-0)

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis : Functional role in episodic memory and recruitment of newborn neurons during memory

La neurogenèse adulte du gyrus denté de l’hippocampe joue un rôle essentiel dans les processus mnésiques dépendants de l’hippocampe, mais son rôle dans des formes complexes de mémoire comme la mémoire épisodique n’a jamais été exploré. Le travail de cette thèse porte sur l’étude de l’implication des nouveaux neurones de l’hippocampe dans la mise en mémoire d’un souvenir épisodique à long terme. Nous avons développé une nouvelle tâche de mémoire épisodique reposant sur la présentation occasionnelle d’épisodes permettant d’encoder des informations de type « Quoi – Où – Dans quel contexte ». Nous montrons pour la première fois que les rats sont capables de se souvenir à très long terme de brefs épisodes de vie et d’utiliser cette mémoire d’une manière flexible. La caractérisation des profils de rétention permet d’accéder aux capacités individuelles de recollection des différents éléments du souvenir et montre que le rappel fiable de la mémoire épisodique nécessite l’intégrité de l’hippocampe et met en jeu un vaste réseau hippocampo-cortical dont l’activation est corrélée au rappel. Les performances de rats soumis à une irradiation focale de l’hippocampe montrent que la neurogenèse adulte hippocampique contribue de façon significative à la consolidation et au rappel fiable du souvenir épisodique. Ces résultats sont discutés dans le cadre d’une implication de la neurogenèse adulte dans la résolution de la mise en mémoire d’événements occasionnels dans le but de discriminer deux épisodes de vie proches, en lien avec les fonctions de séparation et de complétion de patterns de l’hippocampe. Par ailleurs, les mécanismes moléculaires qui sous-tendent le recrutement des nouveaux neurones lors d’un apprentissage restent inconnus. Nous avons analysé le rôle du gène immédiat précoce Zif268, acteur moléculaire essentiel dans les processus mnésiques, et montrons que ce gène joue un rôle crucial dans la sélection et le recrutement des nouveaux neurones lors de la mémorisation au cours de leur période critique d’intégration dans les réseaux neuronaux de l’hippocampe. Ce travail apporte des éléments nouveaux sur la participation des nouveaux neurones hippocampiques dans les processus mnésiques dans une situation à forte demande cognitive basée sur l’encodage d’une représentation intégrée et résolue d’événements occasionnels complexes, ainsi que sur les mécanismes qui sous-tendent leur recrutement.Adult hippocampal neurogenesis plays a critical role in hippocampal-dependent memory, however its role in complex forms of memory such as episodic memory has not as yet been explored. The work presented in this thesis focuses on the issue of the involvement of newborn hippocampal neurons in long term episodic memory. We developed a new episodic memory task based on the presentation of occasional episodes allowing rats to encode “What – Where – In which context” information. We show for the first time that rats are able to remember on the long term brief past episodes of life and to use their episodic memory in a flexible manner. The characterization of retention profiles allows us to identify individual abilities in the recollection of the various elements of the memory and shows that episodic memory recall requires the integrity of the hippocampus and involves a hippocampo-cortical network, the activation of which correlates with recall performance. Performance of rats subjected to focal irradiation of the hippocampus shows that adult hippocampal neurogenesis contributes significantly to the consolidation and faithful recall of episodic memory. These results are discussed in the context of the implication of hippocampal newborn neurons in the resolution of memories of occasional events in order to discriminate different, but closely related episodes of life in relation to pattern separation and pattern completion functions of the hippocampus. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms underlying the recruitment of newborn hippocampal neurons by learning remain to date unknown. We investigated the role of Zif268, an immediate early gene known to play an essential role in memory processes, and show that this gene plays a crucial role in the selection and recruitment of newborn hippocampal neurons by learning during their critical period of integration in hippocampal neural networks. Overall, this work brings new knowledge on the contribution of newborn hippocampal neurons to memory processes in a highly demanding cognitive situation based on the encoding of an integrated and high-resolution representation of complex occasional events, and on the mechanisms underlying their recruitment

Neurogenèse adulte hippocampique : Rôle fonctionnel dans la mémoire épisodique et recrutement des nouveaux neurones lors de la mémorisation

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis plays a critical role in hippocampal-dependent memory, however its role in complex forms of memory such as episodic memory has not as yet been explored. The work presented in this thesis focuses on the issue of the involvement of newborn hippocampal neurons in long term episodic memory. We developed a new episodic memory task based on the presentation of occasional episodes allowing rats to encode “What – Where – In which context” information. We show for the first time that rats are able to remember on the long term brief past episodes of life and to use their episodic memory in a flexible manner. The characterization of retention profiles allows us to identify individual abilities in the recollection of the various elements of the memory and shows that episodic memory recall requires the integrity of the hippocampus and involves a hippocampo-cortical network, the activation of which correlates with recall performance. Performance of rats subjected to focal irradiation of the hippocampus shows that adult hippocampal neurogenesis contributes significantly to the consolidation and faithful recall of episodic memory. These results are discussed in the context of the implication of hippocampal newborn neurons in the resolution of memories of occasional events in order to discriminate different, but closely related episodes of life in relation to pattern separation and pattern completion functions of the hippocampus. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms underlying the recruitment of newborn hippocampal neurons by learning remain to date unknown. We investigated the role of Zif268, an immediate early gene known to play an essential role in memory processes, and show that this gene plays a crucial role in the selection and recruitment of newborn hippocampal neurons by learning during their critical period of integration in hippocampal neural networks. Overall, this work brings new knowledge on the contribution of newborn hippocampal neurons to memory processes in a highly demanding cognitive situation based on the encoding of an integrated and high-resolution representation of complex occasional events, and on the mechanisms underlying their recruitment.La neurogenèse adulte du gyrus denté de l’hippocampe joue un rôle essentiel dans les processus mnésiques dépendants de l’hippocampe, mais son rôle dans des formes complexes de mémoire comme la mémoire épisodique n’a jamais été exploré. Le travail de cette thèse porte sur l’étude de l’implication des nouveaux neurones de l’hippocampe dans la mise en mémoire d’un souvenir épisodique à long terme. Nous avons développé une nouvelle tâche de mémoire épisodique reposant sur la présentation occasionnelle d’épisodes permettant d’encoder des informations de type « Quoi – Où – Dans quel contexte ». Nous montrons pour la première fois que les rats sont capables de se souvenir à très long terme de brefs épisodes de vie et d’utiliser cette mémoire d’une manière flexible. La caractérisation des profils de rétention permet d’accéder aux capacités individuelles de recollection des différents éléments du souvenir et montre que le rappel fiable de la mémoire épisodique nécessite l’intégrité de l’hippocampe et met en jeu un vaste réseau hippocampo-cortical dont l’activation est corrélée au rappel. Les performances de rats soumis à une irradiation focale de l’hippocampe montrent que la neurogenèse adulte hippocampique contribue de façon significative à la consolidation et au rappel fiable du souvenir épisodique. Ces résultats sont discutés dans le cadre d’une implication de la neurogenèse adulte dans la résolution de la mise en mémoire d’événements occasionnels dans le but de discriminer deux épisodes de vie proches, en lien avec les fonctions de séparation et de complétion de patterns de l’hippocampe. Par ailleurs, les mécanismes moléculaires qui sous-tendent le recrutement des nouveaux neurones lors d’un apprentissage restent inconnus. Nous avons analysé le rôle du gène immédiat précoce Zif268, acteur moléculaire essentiel dans les processus mnésiques, et montrons que ce gène joue un rôle crucial dans la sélection et le recrutement des nouveaux neurones lors de la mémorisation au cours de leur période critique d’intégration dans les réseaux neuronaux de l’hippocampe. Ce travail apporte des éléments nouveaux sur la participation des nouveaux neurones hippocampiques dans les processus mnésiques dans une situation à forte demande cognitive basée sur l’encodage d’une représentation intégrée et résolue d’événements occasionnels complexes, ainsi que sur les mécanismes qui sous-tendent leur recrutement