Clinical Approach of Laser Application in Different Aspects of Pediatric Dentistry

The application of laser in dentistry is considered as a favorable technique for patients due to its many advantages compare to other current methods. One of the main goals in pediatric dentistry is to provide the treatment as comfortable as possible without any risks for the care. Laser is being used in different pediatric dental conditions including caries detection, caries removal and cavity preparation, soft tissue surgery and in low level laser therapy applications. The application of current common lasers in dentistry resulted in less stress and fear in patients during dental procedures, also leading to more conservative non-invasive methods for soft and hard tissues with minimal discomfort and bleedin

A study on the effect of different factors on profitability of banking system

In this paper, we study the effect of different influencing factors on profitability of banking system in Iran for a panel data from 2001 to 2010. The sample of banking system includes ten different banks and two different types of internal and external variables are considered. Internal factors include ownership ratio, ratio of bank customers' deposit to banks' assets, ratio of total loans given to all assets, ratio of total interest free loans on total assets, ratio of interest free revenues on total revenue. External factors include economic growth, actual rate of interest and inflation rate. The proposed model of this paper uses econometrics method to investigate the proposed model and the preliminary results indicate that ownership ratio, ratio of total equity on total assets, along with inflation rate have negative impact on profitability. In addition, the ratio of customers' deposit on total assets, the ratio of total loans on total assets and economic growth have positive impact on profitability

Associated factors with delayed door to balloon time in STEMI patients

Introduction: The time interval from hospital arrival to the balloon inflation of catheter in coronary arteries is defined as Door to Balloon Time (DBT). Door to balloon time is a marker of primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) timeliness. Door to balloon time duration, associated factors and it’s relation to outcomes are not similar in various centers. Herein we aimed to define these issues in our region. Methods: In this study, 188 patients with ST Elevation Myocardial infarction (STEMI) diagnosis eligible for primary PCI were included. Demographic, clinical and time intervals from arrival in hospital to catheterization data of patients were recorded. Patients were followed for six-month in terms of mortality and admission. Results: After excluding patients with missed data, 174 patients were entered in the study. Mean age of patients were 60.8±11.81 years and 78% of patients were male. Median DBT was 70 minutes (IQR 25-75: 55-97 minute). One hundred and twenty three patients (71%) had timely door to balloon time. Patients with delayed door to balloon time had lower age, lower prevalence of typical chest pain and higher prevalence of PCI on Left Circumflex Artery (LCX) than timely group but these differences were not significant. (p values were 0.068, 0.074 and 0.070 respectively). Delayed DBT was evident in three segments of door to ECG, ECG to code and code to cath times (p values were, < 0.0001, 0.009 and < 0.0001 respectively) but the cath to balloon time was not significantly different between two groups (p value: 0.159). Although in-hospital mortality was higher in delayed group than timely group but the difference was not meaningful. (11.7% vs 4.9%, p value: 0.103) Six-month mortality and admission rate were not different between two groups. Conclusion: Door to balloon time was acceptable in this study and was comparable to developed countries. Albeit there is room for improvement due to modifiable delayed parts

Autophagy Role as a Double-Edged Sword in Anesthesiology and Critical Care

Autophagy is a mechanism, which host cells can utilize it to defend against infections. Trapped cargo such as viral cargo and delivered to a lysosome for degradation. Primary immune response against some viruses can start by autophagy mechanism. In this study, we reviewed role of autophagy in viral infections

Brain neural network, development, microbiome, microbial toxins and COVID-19

Although almost 2 years have passed since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the world, there is still a threat to the health of people at risk and patients. Specialists in various sciences conduct various researches in order to eliminate or reduce the problems caused by this disease. Neural network science plays a vital role in this regard. It is important to note the key points of neuro-microbial involvement in the diagnosis and management of COVID-19 therapy by physicians and patients whose nervous systems are challenged. The relationship between COVID-19, microbiome and the profile of microbial toxins in the body is one of the factors that can directly or indirectly play a key role in the body's resistance to Covid-19 and changes in the neural network of the brain. In this article, we introduce the relationship and behavioral and mood problems that can result from neuronal changes. In linking the components of this network, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) and data mining (DM) can be important strategies to assist health providers to choose best decision based on patient’s history.

Determination and comparison miR135a in the serum between women with GDM, non- pregnant type 2 diabetes , healthy pregnant and control group

Abstract Objectives: Diabetes is one of the most important endocrine diseases caused by complex reactions between genetic and environmental factors. Recent studies have shown that microRNAs play an important role in the production, inhibition, and secretion of insulin. Identifying the relationship between key miRNAs that control the genes involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes is clinically important because it provides a way to identify preventive methods or treatments. In the present study, the expression of miR135a in serum samples between women with Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), non-pregnant type 2 diabetes, and healthy pregnant women were compared with the control group. Materials and methods: This study was a case-control study and non-random sampling method was used. The present study was conducted among four groups (healthy non-pregnant women (control), non-pregnant Diabetes type 2, GDM, and healthy pregnant). After serum separation, expression of miR-135a was measured using QRT-PCR technique and the results were analyzed by Stata and SPSS21 software Results: The results show that the mean expression of miR-135a gene in control group was 0.9 ± 0.06, control of pregnancy was 1 ± 0.1, GDM group was 1.7 ± 0.3 and non-pregnant diabetic type 2 group was 6 ± 6 / 3. The results of analysis of variance showed that the mean difference of miR-135 gene expression was signifcant higher in the non- pregnant type 2 diabetes than GDM group (F = 2776.3, P <0.001). Conclusion: The widespread role of miRNAs as post-transplantation gene regulators in gestational diabetes mellitus suggests that miR135a may act as a potential indicator of the prevention, treatment, and management of gestational diabetes . Key words: miR135a, non- pregnant type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes mellitus, QRT-PC

Imaging findings of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with COVID-19

[Background] A hyperinflammatory immune-mediated shock syndrome has been recognised in children exposed to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).[Objective] To describe typical imaging findings in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19.[Materials and methods] During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, imaging studies and clinical data from children treated for multisystem inflammatory syndrome were collected from multiple centres. Standardised case templates including demographic, biochemical and imaging information were completed by participating centres and reviewed by paediatric radiologists and paediatricians.[Results] We included 37 children (21 boys; median age 8.0 years). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing was positive for SARS-CoV-2 in 15/37 (41%) children and immunoglobulins in 13/19 children (68%). Common clinical presentations were fever (100%), abdominal pain (68%), rash (54%), conjunctivitis (38%) and cough (32%). Thirty-three children (89%) showed laboratory or imaging findings of cardiac involvement. Thirty of the 37 children (81%) required admission to the intensive care unit, with good recovery in all cases. Chest radiographs demonstrated cardiomegaly in 54% and signs of pulmonary venous hypertension/congestion in 73%. The most common chest CT abnormalities were ground-glass and interstitial opacities (83%), airspace consolidation (58%), pleural effusion (58%) and bronchial wall thickening (42%). Echocardiography revealed impaired cardiac function in half of cases (51%) and coronary artery abnormalities in 14%. Cardiac MRI showed myocardial oedema in 58%, pericardial effusion in 42% and decreased left ventricular function in 25%. Twenty children required imaging for abdominal symptoms, the commonest abnormalities being free fluid (71%) and terminal ileum wall thickening (57%). Twelve children underwent brain imaging, showing abnormalities in two cases.[Conclusion] Children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome showed pulmonary, cardiac, abdominal and brain imaging findings, reflecting the multisystem inflammatory disease. Awareness of the imaging features of this disease is important for early diagnosis and treatment.Peer reviewe

Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations

Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019 : a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019