Viabilidade técnica e econômica do uso de diferentes níveis de grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis (Zea Mays L.) em borregas terminadas em confinamento

Avaliou-se a viabilidade da utilização de rações contendo diferentes níveis de grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis - GSDS (0, 8, 16 e 24%) em borregas confinadas. As rações continham 65% de volumoso (silagem de milho) e 35% de concentrado (grão de milho moído, farelo de soja, grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis e ureia). Foram utilizadas 16 borregas sem raça definida, com peso corporal (PC) inicial de 23,8 ± 1,5 kg, confinadas por 75 dias. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizados com quatro tratamentos. Os dados de consumo MS e ganho médio diário (GMD) das borregas alimentadas com os diferentes tratamentos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as diferenças obtidas foram analisadas por equação de regressão a 5% de significância. Os diferentes níveis de GSDS não alteraram o GMD das cordeiras em confinamento. Pela simulação técnica econômica, a diferença obtida no valor da receita total por carcaça das borregas foi de R$26,93 a mais para a ração a base de 16$ 5,67 a menos em relação à ração com 0% de GSDS. Foi verificado que as borregas alimentadas com os diferentes níveis de GSDS apresentaram uma receita de R$18,00 kg/carcaça, o que proporcionou uma diferença de R$ 2.693,00 na receita total entre as rações contendo 16 e 0% de GSDS para um módulo de 100 animais. A diferença do valor da receita total foi reflexo do maior peso da carcaça quente de 11,4% para a ração com 16% GSDS em relação à com 0% GSDS. A ração com 16% de GSDS apresentou um custo de R$ 1,48/kg menor em relação à ração com 0% de GSDS. Além disso, a ração com 16% de GSDS apresentou receita líquida total de 98,7% maior em relação à ração com 0% de GSDS. O grão seco de destilaria com solúveis pode ser inserido na dieta de borregas em terminação em até 24% da ração total sem alterar o desempenho animal, e ao considerar a simulação econômica a utilização de 16% de inclusão de GSDS apresenta maior lucratividade

Development and preliminary validation of a questionnaire to measure satisfaction with home care in Greece: an exploratory factor analysis of polychoric correlations

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The primary aim of this study was to develop and psychometrically test a Greek-language instrument for measuring satisfaction with home care. The first empirical evidence about the level of satisfaction with these services in Greece is also provided.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The questionnaire resulted from literature search, on-site observation and cognitive interviews. It was applied in 2006 to a sample of 201 enrollees of five home care programs in the city of Thessaloniki and contains 31 items that measure satisfaction with individual service attributes and are expressed on a 5-point Likert scale. The latter has been usually considered in practice as an interval scale, although it is in principle ordinal. We thus treated the variable as an ordinal one, but also employed the traditional approach in order to compare the findings. Our analysis was therefore based on ordinal measures such as the polychoric correlation, Kendall's Tau b coefficient and ordinal Cronbach's alpha. Exploratory factor analysis was followed by an assessment of internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, construct validity and sensitivity.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Analyses with ordinal and interval scale measures produced in essence very similar results and identified four multi-item scales. Three of these were found to be reliable and valid: socioeconomic change, staff skills and attitudes and service appropriateness. A fourth dimension -service planning- had lower internal consistency reliability and yet very satisfactory test-retest reliability, construct validity and floor and ceiling effects. The global satisfaction scale created was also quite reliable. Overall, participants were satisfied -yet not very satisfied- with home care services. More room for improvement seems to exist for the socio-economic and planning aspects of care and less for staff skills and attitudes and appropriateness of provided services.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The methods developed seem to be a promising tool for the measurement of home care satisfaction in Greece.</p

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2&nbsp;m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0\u20135 and 5\u201315&nbsp;cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\ub0C (mean&nbsp;=&nbsp;3.0&nbsp;\ub1&nbsp;2.1\ub0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6&nbsp;\ub1&nbsp;2.3\ub0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler ( 120.7&nbsp;\ub1&nbsp;2.3\ub0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

The Seventeenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: Complete Release of MaNGA, MaStar, and APOGEE-2 Data

This paper documents the seventeenth data release (DR17) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys; the fifth and final release from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). DR17 contains the complete release of the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey, which reached its goal of surveying over 10,000 nearby galaxies. The complete release of the MaNGA Stellar Library accompanies this data, providing observations of almost 30,000 stars through the MaNGA instrument during bright time. DR17 also contains the complete release of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 survey that publicly releases infrared spectra of over 650,000 stars. The main sample from the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), as well as the subsurvey Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey data were fully released in DR16. New single-fiber optical spectroscopy released in DR17 is from the SPectroscipic IDentification of ERosita Survey subsurvey and the eBOSS-RM program. Along with the primary data sets, DR17 includes 25 new or updated value-added catalogs. This paper concludes the release of SDSS-IV survey data. SDSS continues into its fifth phase with observations already underway for the Milky Way Mapper, Local Volume Mapper, and Black Hole Mapper surveys

Global maps of soil temperature.

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Desenvolvimento de capim Xaraés e fertilidade de Latossolo Vermelho adubado com resíduo ruminal bovino

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a aplicação de doses crescentes (0, 10, 21 e 84 Mg de MS ha-1) de resíduo ruminal bovino (RRB) seco (90,00% MS) ou úmido (7,16% MS) com teor de nitrogênio (N) de 1,43% na MS estimando-se que apenas 33% de N do RRB seriam disponibilizados para atender à exigência da Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés de 0, 50, 100 e 400 kg N ha-1 sobre a fertilidade de Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (pHágua; complexo sortivo; P, N e matéria orgânica) após 30 dias da adubação orgânica e sobre a produção de biomassa (BIO) seca, altura, teores de nitrogênio (N) e proteína bruta (PB) após 60 e 120 dias de cultivo do capim Xaraés. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em fatorial 4 x 2 (quatro doses de adubação de RRB e duas condições de matéria seca do RRB) com três repetições. A aplicação de doses crescentes de RRB seco ou úmido aumentou de forma linear (p < 0,05), os teores de N, P, K+ e matéria orgânica do solo. As diferentes doses de RRB seco ou úmido aumentaram linearmente (p < 0,05) a BIO seca, os teores de N e PB do capim Xaraés após 60 dias de cultivo, embora se tenha observado comportamento quadrático (p < 0,05) para os teores de N e PB do capim Xaraés após 120 dias de cultivo. Desta maneira, a Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés apresenta maior produção de BIO seca, independente da época de corte e da condição de MS do RRB no momento da aplicação

Predição por simulação do ganho de peso e peso ajustado aos 205 dias de animais da raça nelore selecionados para crescimento e habilidade materna criados no bioma cerrado.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, ao longo de 20 anos de simulação, os efeitos da seleção para crescimento e habilidade materna nas características ganho de peso e peso ajustado aos 205 dias de animais da raça Nelore criados extensivamente no bioma Cerrado. Foi utilizado o simulador DECI que avalia as tomadas de decisões em todo o sistema de produção. Foram informados ao simulador os dados reais referentes ao manejo, genética, alimentação e descarte de forma a refletir, o mais fielmente possível, o rebanho Nelore BRGN da Embrapa Cerrados. Nesta simulação observou-se que os pesos ajustados aos 205 dias dos machos foram superiores aos pesos das fêmeas e ambos tiveram aumento nesta característica de 8,2% e 7,5% para machos e fêmeas respectivamente, demonstrando a resposta à seleção. No que se refere aos ganhos de peso pré-desmame obtidos por simulação, tiveram aumento significativo (P<0,01), atingindo no último ano média de 0,943 e 0,848 kg para machos e fêmeas. Nas condições em que foi realizada esta simulação, a seleção para crescimento e habilidade materna aumentou o ganho médio diário dos bezerros e como conseqüência aumentou também o peso aos 205 dias. Isso demonstra que estes critérios de seleção podem ser aplicados e que as condições ambientais conseguirão fornecer o aporte nutricional para os animais selecionados promovendo uma maior eficiência produtiva do rebanho.SBIAgro 2009