Equilibration of Concentrated Hard Sphere Fluids

We report a systematic molecular dynamics study of the isochoric equilibration of hard-sphere fluids in their metastable regime close to the glass transition. The thermalization process starts with the system prepared in a non-equilibrium state with the desired final volume fraction {\phi} but with a prescribed non-equilibrium static structure factor S_0(k; {\phi}). The evolution of the {\alpha}- relaxation time {\tau}{\alpha} (k) and long-time self-diffusion coefficient DL as a function of the evolution time tw is then monitored for an array of volume fractions. For a given waiting time the plot of {\tau}{\alpha} (k; {\phi}, tw) as a function of {\phi} exhibits two regimes corresponding to samples that have fully equilibrated within this waiting time ({\phi} \leq {\phi}(c) (tw)), and to samples for which equilibration is not yet complete ({\phi} \geq {\phi}(c) (tw)). The crossover volume fraction {\phi}(c) (tw) increases with tw but seems to saturate to a value {\phi}(a) \equiv {\phi}(c) (tw \rightarrow \infty) \approx 0.582. We also find that the waiting time t^(eq)_w({\phi}) required to equilibrate a system grows faster than the corresponding equilibrium relaxation time, t^(eq)({\phi}) \approx 0.27 \times [{\tau}{\alpha} (k; {\phi})]^1.43, and that both characteristic times increase strongly as {\phi} approaches {\phi}^(a), thus suggesting that the measurement of equilibrium properties at and above {\phi}(a) is experimentally impossible

Evaluación del bloqueo de los receptores dopaminérgicos d4 en el núcleo accumbens sobre la motivación por el alimento palatable

A nivel central, la regulación del procesamiento de la información de las propiedades motivacionales y reforzantes del alimento dependen principalmente de estructuras cerebrales como la Corteza del Núcleo Accumbens (CNA), donde la transmisión dopaminérgica juega un papel preponderante al activar receptores dopaminérgicos relacionados con el fenómeno de la recompensa. Estudios anatómicos y neuroquímicos indican que los receptores dopaminérgicos D4 (RD4) se encuentran de forma presináptica y regulan la liberación de glutamato hacia las neuronas GABAérgicas de la CNA. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo estudiar los efectos del bloqueo farmacológico de los RD4 en la CNA sobre la regulación de la motivación por el alimento palatable (MAP) en ratas macho Sprague Dawley, utilizando un programa de reforzamiento de razón progresiva (PR). De acuerdo con nuestros resultados, el bloqueo de los RD4 con el antagonista L-745,870 (1 µg) en la CNA disminuye el número de palanqueos, el número de reforzadores obtenidos y los puntos de ruptura. Acorde a lo anterior, el bloqueo de los RD4 en la CNA disminuye la MAP, por lo cual podría ser un blanco farmacológico en el tratamiento de patología alimentaria al disminuir las propiedades reforzantes de los alimentos palatables

Síndrome do X frágil e outras patologias associadas ao gene FMR1

Fragile X syndrome is the most common cause of X-linked psychomotor retardation in children, with a prevalence of 1 : 5.000 in males and 1 : 4.000 - 8.000 in females. It is also the hereditary cause most associated with autism spectrum syndrome. The etiological basis of this pathology is the expansion of the cgg triplet at the distal end of the fmr1 gene, which causes its silencing. Patients affected with this syndrome usually suffer from behavioral, neurological, cardiac and orthopedic problems. This syndrome is also related to Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency, and Fragile X-associated tremor and ataxia syndrome affecting the mother and maternal grandfather, which, because of their recent description, may be unknown to health care providers, delaying their diagnosis and treatment. The objective of this article is to analyze these diseases, in order to describe the current knowledge about their etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. This was done by collecting articles in Pubmed, with some contributions from Scielo, Redalyc, Europe PMC, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Genetics Home Reference databases. Among the main conclusions, it is highlighted that the phenotypes associated with FMR1 gene premutation involve different pathophysiological mechanisms to Fragile X syndrome, despite being closely related.El síndrome X frágil es la causa más frecuente de retraso psicomotor vinculado a cromosoma X en niños, con una prevalencia de 1 : 5.000 en hombres y 1 : 4.000 - 8.000 en mujeres. Además, es la causa hereditaria más asociada al síndrome del espectro autista. Esta patología posee como base etiológica la expansión del triplete CGG en el extremo distal del gen FMR1, lo que causa el silenciamiento del mismo. Los pacientes afectados con este síndrome suelen padecer de problemas conductuales, neurológicos, cardíacos y ortopédicos. Este también se relaciona con la Insuficiencia Ovárica Primaria asociada al X frágil, y el Síndrome de Temblor y Ataxia asociado al X frágil, que afectan a la madre y al abuelo materno, respectivamente. El objetivo de este artículo es aportar al conocimiento sobre estas enfermedades, permitiendo una mejor comprensión de su etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Esto se hizo mediante la recopilación de artículos en Pubmed, con algunas contribuciones de las bases de datos Scielo, Redalyc, Europe PMC, Science Direct, Google Académico y Genetics Home Reference. Entre las conclusiones principales se encuentra que a pesar de estar relacionados, los fenotipos asociados a aumento del triplete CGG del gen FMR1 contemplan mecanismos etiológicos distintos.A síndrome do X frágil é a causa mais comum de retardo psicomotor ligado ao cromossomo X em crianças, com prevalência de 1 : 5.000 em homens e 1 : 4.000 a 8.000 em mulheres. Além disso, é a causa mais hereditária associada à síndrome do espectro do autismo. Essa patologia tem como base etiológica a expansão do trigêmeo cgg na extremidade distal do gene fmr1, o que causa seu silenciamento. Pacientes com essa síndrome geralmente sofrem de problemas comportamentais, neurológicos, cardíacos e ortopédicos. Essa síndrome também está relacionada à insuficiência ovariana primária associada ao X frágil, à síndrome do tremor e à ataxia associada ao X frágil, que acometem a mãe e o avô materno, e que, devido à sua descrição recente, poderiam ser desconhecidas pelos profissionais de saúde, o que atrasa seu diagnóstico e tratamento. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar essas doenças, a fim de descrever o conhecimento atual sobre sua etiologia, manifestações clínicas, diagnóstico e tratamento. Isso foi feito através da recopilação de artigos no Pubmed, com algumas contribuições das bases de dados Scielo, Redalyc, Europe pmc, Science Direct, Google Academic e Genetics Home Reference. Dentre as principais conclusões, destaca-se que os fenótipos associados à premutação do gene fmr1 incluem outros mecanismos fisiopatológicos além da síndrome do X frágil, apesar de eles estarem intimamente relacionados

Related Factors of Anemia in Critically Ill Patients : A Prospective Multicenter Study

Anemia is common in critically ill patients; almost 95% of patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) have hemoglobin levels below normal. Several causes may explain this phenomenon as well as the tendency to transfuse patients without adequate cause: due to a lack of adherence to protocols, lack of supervision, incomplete transfusion request forms, or a lack of knowledge about the indications, risks, and costs of transfusions. Daily sampling to monitor the coagulation parameters and the acid-base balance can aggravate anemia as the main iatrogenic factor in its production. We studied the association and importance of iatrogenic blood loss and other factors in the incidence of anemia in ICUs. We performed a prospective, observational, multicenter study in five Spanish hospitals. A total of 142 patients with a median age of 58 years (IQI: 48-69), 71.83% male and 28.17% female, were admitted to ICUs without a diagnosis of iatrogenic anemia. During their ICU stay, anemia appeared in 66.90% of the sample, 95 patients, (95% CI: 58.51-74.56%). Risk factors associated with the occurrence of iatrogenic anemia were arterial catheter insertion (72.63% vs. 46.81%, p -value = 0.003), venous catheter insertion (87.37% vs. 72.34%, p -value = 0.023), drainages (33.68% vs. 12. 77%, p -value = 0.038), and ICU stay, where the longer the stay, the higher the rate of iatrogenic anemia (p -value < 0.001). We concluded that there was a statistical significance in the production of iatrogenic anemia due to the daily sampling for laboratory monitoring and critical procedures in intensive care units. The implementation of patient blood management programs could address these issue

Epigenetic mechanisms of particulate matter exposure: air pollution and hazards on human health

Environmental pollution nowadays has not only a direct correlation with human health changes but a direct social impact. Epidemiological studies have evidenced the increased damage to human health on a daily basis because of damage to the ecological niche. Rapid urban growth and industrialized societies importantly compromise air quality, which can be assessed by a notable accumulation of air pollutants in both the gas and the particle phases. Of them, particulate matter (PM) represents a highly complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds of the most variable size, composition, and origin. PM being one of the most complex environmental pollutants, its accumulation also varies in a temporal and spatial manner, which challenges current analytical techniques used to investigate PM interactions. Nevertheless, the characterization of the chemical composition of PM is a reliable indicator of the composition of the atmosphere, the quality of breathed air in urbanized societies, industrial zones and consequently gives support for pertinent measures to avoid serious health damage. Epigenomic damage is one of the most promising biological mechanisms of air pollution-derived carcinogenesis. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the implication of PM exposure in diverse molecular mechanisms driving human diseases by altered epigenetic regulation. The presented findings in the context of pan-organic cancer, fibrosis, neurodegeneration and metabolic diseases may provide valuable insights into the toxicity effects of PM components at the epigenomic level and may serve as biomarkers of early detection for novel targeted therapies

Percepción de la satisfacción en el internado médico de pregrado en Hospitales de México en 2019.

Resumen Introducción: El internado de pregrado es el aprendizaje supervisado de la práctica clínica, el primer contacto con pacientes y la atención médica en un escenario práctico. La literatura reporta que el nivel de satisfacción oscila entre el 61.9% y el 78%, destacando la adquisición de habilidades clínicas, formación práctica y experiencia laboral. Objetivo: Identificar el grado de satisfacción en el internado médico de pregrado en Hospitales de México en 2019. Material y método: Encuesta transversal descriptiva que incluyó 433 médicos internos de pregrado, hombres y mujeres, que concluyeron su internado de pregrado y que estaban por iniciar el año de Servicio Social en el Instituto de Salud del Estado de México los cuales aceptaron, verbalmente, participar en el estudio y responder, de forma anónima, a una encuesta sobre el grado de satisfacción del internado médico de pregrado (que provenían de 19 escuelas de medicina y de haber concluido su internado en hospitales públicos y privados del país) en 5 dimensiones: formación asistencial, formación docente, guardias, expectativas laborales y satisfacción general. Para el análisis estadístico se aplicó ANOVA de una vía y ji cuadrado, una p​ Abstract Introduction: Medical internship is a supervised learning of: clinical practice, first contact with patients and medical care in a practical setting. The literature reports that the level of satisfaction ranges between 61.9% and 78%, highlighting the acquisition of clinical skills, practical training and work experience. Objective: To identify the satisfaction degree in the medical internship at Mexican Hospitals in 2019. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional survey that included 433 undergraduate internal physicians, men and women, who completed their internship and who were about to start the Social Service at the Institute of Health in State of Mexico, who accepted, orally, participate in the study and respond, anonymously, to a survey on the degree of satisfaction of the medical internship (who came from 19 medical schools and had completed their internship in public and private hospitals in the country) in 5 dimensions: care training, teaching training, night ships, job expectations and general satisfaction. For the statistical analysis, ANOVA was applied in one pathway and ji squared, a p

Percepción de la satisfacción en el internado médico de pregrado en Hospitales de México en 2019.

Resumen Introducción: El internado de pregrado es el aprendizaje supervisado de la práctica clínica, el primer contacto con pacientes y la atención médica en un escenario práctico. La literatura reporta que el nivel de satisfacción oscila entre el 61.9% y el 78%, destacando la adquisición de habilidades clínicas, formación práctica y experiencia laboral. Objetivo: Identificar el grado de satisfacción en el internado médico de pregrado en Hospitales de México en 2019. Material y método: Encuesta transversal descriptiva que incluyó 433 médicos internos de pregrado, hombres y mujeres, que concluyeron su internado de pregrado y que estaban por iniciar el año de Servicio Social en el Instituto de Salud del Estado de México los cuales aceptaron, verbalmente, participar en el estudio y responder, de forma anónima, a una encuesta sobre el grado de satisfacción del internado médico de pregrado (que provenían de 19 escuelas de medicina y de haber concluido su internado en hospitales públicos y privados del país) en 5 dimensiones: formación asistencial, formación docente, guardias, expectativas laborales y satisfacción general. Para el análisis estadístico se aplicó ANOVA de una vía y ji cuadrado, una p​ Abstract Introduction: Medical internship is a supervised learning of: clinical practice, first contact with patients and medical care in a practical setting. The literature reports that the level of satisfaction ranges between 61.9% and 78%, highlighting the acquisition of clinical skills, practical training and work experience. Objective: To identify the satisfaction degree in the medical internship at Mexican Hospitals in 2019. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional survey that included 433 undergraduate internal physicians, men and women, who completed their internship and who were about to start the Social Service at the Institute of Health in State of Mexico, who accepted, orally, participate in the study and respond, anonymously, to a survey on the degree of satisfaction of the medical internship (who came from 19 medical schools and had completed their internship in public and private hospitals in the country) in 5 dimensions: care training, teaching training, night ships, job expectations and general satisfaction. For the statistical analysis, ANOVA was applied in one pathway and ji squared, a p

Percepción de la satisfacción en el internado médico de pregrado en Hospitales de México en 2019.

Introducción: El internado de pregrado es el aprendizaje supervisado de la práctica clí-nica, el primer contacto con pacientes y la atención médica en un escenario práctico. La literatura reporta que el nivel de satisfacción oscila entre el 61.9% y el 78%, destacando la adquisición de habilidades clínicas, formación práctica y experiencia laboral. Objetivo: Identificar el grado de satisfacción en el internado médico de pregrado en Hospitales de México en 2019.Material y método: Encuesta transversal descriptiva que incluyó 433 médicos internos de pregrado, hombres y mujeres, que concluyeron su internado de pregrado y que esta-ban por iniciar el año de Servicio Social en el Instituto de Salud del Estado de México los cuales aceptaron, verbalmente, participar en el estudio y responder, de forma anónima, a una encuesta sobre el grado de satisfacción del internado médico de pregrado (que provenían de 19 escuelas de medicina y de haber concluido su internado en hospitales públicos y privados del país) en 5 dimensiones: formación asistencial, formación docen-te, guardias, expectativas laborales y satisfacción general. Para el análisis estadístico se aplicó ANOVA de una vía y ji cuadrado, una p<0.05 fue considerada como significativa. Resultados: Se incluyeron 433 médicos internos de pregrado de 20 a 35 años. El 83.6% estuvo satisfecho/muy satisfecho con la formación asistencial y docente (67.37%), res-pecto a las guardias, el 71.46% reportó una satisfacción del 71.46% y una satisfacción global del internado médico de pregrado del 81.40%. Conclusión: La mayoría de los participantes en este estudio reportaron estar satisfechos o muy satisfechos con el internado médico de pregrado. Es importante destacar la necesidad de fortalecer la formación docente durante el internado médico de pregrad

COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey dataset on psychological and behavioural consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak

This N = 173,426 social science dataset was collected through the collaborative COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey - an open science effort to improve understanding of the human experiences of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic between 30th March and 30th May, 2020. The dataset allows a cross-cultural study of psychological and behavioural responses to the Coronavirus pandemic and associated government measures like cancellation of public functions and stay at home orders implemented in many countries. The dataset contains demographic background variables as well as measures of Asian Disease Problem, perceived stress (PSS-10), availability of social provisions (SPS-10), trust in various authorities, trust in governmental measures to contain the virus (OECD trust), personality traits (BFF-15), information behaviours, agreement with the level of government intervention, and compliance with preventive measures, along with a rich pool of exploratory variables and written experiences. A global consortium from 39 countries and regions worked together to build and translate a survey with variables of shared interests, and recruited participants in 47 languages and dialects. Raw plus cleaned data and dynamic visualizations are available.Measurement(s) psychological measurement center dot anxiety-related behavior trait center dot Stress center dot response to center dot Isolation center dot loneliness measurement center dot Emotional Distress Technology Type(s) Survey Factor Type(s) geographic location center dot language center dot age of participant center dot responses to the Coronavirus pandemic Sample Characteristic - Organism Homo sapiens Sample Characteristic - Location global Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data:Peer reviewe

Stress and worry in the 2020 coronavirus pandemic : relationships to trust and compliance with preventive measures across 48 countries in the COVIDiSTRESS global survey

The COVIDiSTRESS global survey collects data on early human responses to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic from 173 429 respondents in 48 countries. The open science study was co-designed by an international consortium of researchers to investigate how psychological responses differ across countries and cultures, and how this has impacted behaviour, coping and trust in government efforts to slow the spread of the virus. Starting in March 2020, COVIDiSTRESS leveraged the convenience of unpaid online recruitment to generate public data. The objective of the present analysis is to understand relationships between psychological responses in the early months of global coronavirus restrictions and help understand how different government measures succeed or fail in changing public behaviour. There were variations between and within countries. Although Western Europeans registered as more concerned over COVID-19, more stressed, and having slightly more trust in the governments' efforts, there was no clear geographical pattern in compliance with behavioural measures. Detailed plots illustrating between-countries differences are provided. Using both traditional and Bayesian analyses, we found that individuals who worried about getting sick worked harder to protect themselves and others. However, concern about the coronavirus itself did not account for all of the variances in experienced stress during the early months of COVID-19 restrictions. More alarmingly, such stress was associated with less compliance. Further, those most concerned over the coronavirus trusted in government measures primarily where policies were strict. While concern over a disease is a source of mental distress, other factors including strictness of protective measures, social support and personal lockdown conditions must also be taken into consideration to fully appreciate the psychological impact of COVID-19 and to understand why some people fail to follow behavioural guidelines intended to protect themselves and others from infection. The Stage 1 manuscript associated with this submission received in-principle acceptance (IPA) on 18 May 2020. Following IPA, the accepted Stage 1 version of the manuscript was preregistered on the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/g2t3b. This preregistration was performed prior to data analysis.Peer reviewe