154 research outputs found
Towards a Continuous Record of the Sky
It is currently feasible to start a continuous digital record of the entire
sky sensitive to any visual magnitude brighter than 15 each night. Such a
record could be created with a modest array of small telescopes, which
collectively generate no more than a few Gigabytes of data daily.
Alternatively, a few small telescopes could continually re-point to scan and
reco rd the entire sky down to any visual magnitude brighter than 15 with a
recurrence epoch of at most a few weeks, again always generating less than one
Gigabyte of data each night. These estimates derive from CCD ability and
budgets typical of university research projects. As a prototype, we have
developed and are utilizing an inexpensive single-telescope system that obtains
optical data from about 1500 square degrees. We discuss the general case of
creating and storing data from a both an epochal survey, where a small number
of telescopes continually scan the sky, and a continuous survey, composed of a
constellation of telescopes dedicated each continually inspect a designated
section of the sky. We compute specific limitations of canonical surveys in
visible light, and estimate that all-sky continuous visual light surveys could
be sensitive to magnitude 20 in a single night by about 2010. Possible
scientific returns of continuous and epochal sky surveys include continued
monitoring of most known variable stars, establishing case histories for
variables of future interest, uncovering new forms of stellar variability,
discovering the brightest cases of microlensing, discovering new novae and
supernovae, discovering new counterparts to gamma-ray bursts, monitoring known
Solar System objects, discovering new Solar System objects, and discovering
objects that might strike the Earth.Comment: 38 pages, 9 postscript figures, 2 gif images. Revised and new section
added. Accepted to PASP. Source code submitted to ASCL.ne
A Measurement of the Angular Power Spectrum of the Anisotropy in the Cosmic Microwave Background
We report on a measurement of the angular power spectrum of the anisotropy in
the Cosmic Microwave Background. The anisotropy is measured in 23 different
multipole bands from l=54 (~3 deg) to l=404 (~0.45 deg) and in 6 frequency
bands from 26 GHz to 46 GHz over three observing seasons. The measurements are
consistent from year to year. The frequency spectral index of the fluctuations
(measured at low l) is consistent with that of the CMB and inconsistent with
either dust or Galactic free-free emission. Furthermore, the observations of
the MSAM1-92 experiment (Cheng et al. 1994) are repeated and confirmed. The
angular spectrum shows a distinct rise from dT_l =
\sqrt{l(2l+1)/4pi} = 49(+8,-5) \uK at l=87 to dT_l=85(+10,-8) uK at
l = 237. These values do not include an overall +/-14\% (1sigma) calibration
uncertainty. The analysis and possible systematic errors are discussed.Comment: latex file is called spect.tex. 25 pages with 11 Postscript figures.
Uses aas2pp4.sty (included). Submitted to Ap
Planck Intermediate Results. IX. Detection of the Galactic haze with Planck
Using precise full-sky observations from Planck, and applying several methods
of component separation, we identify and characterize the emission from the
Galactic "haze" at microwave wavelengths. The haze is a distinct component of
diffuse Galactic emission, roughly centered on the Galactic centre, and extends
to |b| ~35 deg in Galactic latitude and |l| ~15 deg in longitude. By combining
the Planck data with observations from the WMAP we are able to determine the
spectrum of this emission to high accuracy, unhindered by the large systematic
biases present in previous analyses. The derived spectrum is consistent with
power-law emission with a spectral index of -2.55 +/- 0.05, thus excluding
free-free emission as the source and instead favouring hard-spectrum
synchrotron radiation from an electron population with a spectrum (number
density per energy) dN/dE ~ E^-2.1. At Galactic latitudes |b|<30 deg, the
microwave haze morphology is consistent with that of the Fermi gamma-ray "haze"
or "bubbles," indicating that we have a multi-wavelength view of a distinct
component of our Galaxy. Given both the very hard spectrum and the extended
nature of the emission, it is highly unlikely that the haze electrons result
from supernova shocks in the Galactic disk. Instead, a new mechanism for
cosmic-ray acceleration in the centre of our Galaxy is implied.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figures, submitted to Astronomy and Astrophysic
High Interstitial Fluid Pressure Is Associated with Tumor-Line Specific Vascular Abnormalities in Human Melanoma Xenografts
PURPOSE: Interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) is highly elevated in many solid tumors. High IFP has been associated with low radiocurability and high metastatic frequency in human melanoma xenografts and with poor survival after radiation therapy in cervical cancer patients. Abnormalities in tumor vascular networks have been identified as an important cause of elevated tumor IFP. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between tumor IFP and the functional and morphological properties of tumor vascular networks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A-07-GFP and R-18-GFP human melanomas growing in dorsal window chambers in BALB/c nu/nu mice were used as preclinical tumor models. Functional and morphological parameters of the vascular network were assessed from first-pass imaging movies and vascular maps recorded after intravenous bolus injection of 155-kDa tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate-labeled dextran. IFP was measured in the center of the tumors using a Millar catheter. Angiogenic profiles of A-07-GFP and R-18-GFP cells were obtained with a quantitative PCR array. RESULTS: High IFP was associated with low growth rate and low vascular density in A-07-GFP tumors, and with high growth rate and high vascular density in R-18-GFP tumors. A-07-GFP tumors showed chaotic and highly disorganized vascular networks, while R-18-GFP tumors showed more organized vascular networks with supplying arterioles in the tumor center and draining venules in the tumor periphery. Furthermore, A-07-GFP and R-18-GFP cells differed substantially in angiogenic profiles. A-07-GFP tumors with high IFP showed high geometric resistance to blood flow due to high vessel tortuosity. R-18-GFP tumors with high IFP showed high geometric resistance to blood flow due to a large number of narrow tumor capillaries. CONCLUSIONS: High IFP in A-07-GFP and R-18-GFP human melanoma xenografts was primarily a consequence of high blood flow resistance caused by tumor-line specific vascular abnormalities
A Robotic Wide-Angle H-Alpha Survey of the Southern Sky
We have completed a robotic wide-angle imaging survey of the southern sky
(declination less than +15 degrees) at 656.3 nm wavelength, the H-alpha
emission line of hydrogen. Each image of the resulting Southern H-Alpha Sky
Survey Atlas (SHASSA) covers an area of the sky 13 degrees square at an angular
resolution of approximately 0.8 arcminute, and reaches a sensitivity level of 2
rayleigh (1.2 x 10^-17 erg cm^-2 s^-1 arcsec^-2) per pixel, corresponding to an
emission measure of 4 cm^-6 pc, and to a brightness temperature for microwave
free-free emission of 12 microkelvins at 30 GHz. Smoothing over several pixels
allows features as faint as 0.5 rayleigh to be detected.Comment: LATEX, 33 pages, 15 figures. Accepted for publication in PASP, 113,
November 2001. Further information at http://amundsen.swarthmore.edu/SHASSA
A Re-examination of the Distribution of Galactic Free Electrons
We present a list of 109 pulsars with independent distance information
compiled from the literature. Since the compilation of Frail & Weisberg, there
are 35 pulsars with new distance estimate and 25 pulsars for which the distance
or distance uncertainty have been revised. We used this data to fit a smooth,
axisymmetric, two disk model of the distribution of galactic electrons. The two
exponential model components have mean local midplane densities at the solar
circle of 2.03e-2 cm^-3 and 0.71e-2 cm^-3, and scale heights of 1.07 and 0.053
kpc. The thick component shows very little radial variation, while the second
has a radial scale length of only a few kiloparsecs. We also examined a model
which varies as sech^2(x), rather than exp(-x), in both the radial and vertical
direction. We prefer this model with no midplane cusp, but find that the fit
parameters essentially describe the same electron distribution. The distances
predicted by this distribution have a similar scatter as the more complex model
of Taylor & Cordes. We examine the pulsars that deviate strongly from this
model. There are two regions of enhanced dispersion measure, one of which
correlates well with the Sagittarius-Carina spiral arm. We find that the
scatter of the observed dispersion measure from the model is not fit well by
either a normal or log-normal distribution of lump sizes, but may be caused
instead by the uncertainties in the distances.Comment: 31 pages, 10 embedded figures, submitted to A
Mycoplasma Contamination Revisited: Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Harboring Mycoplasma hyorhinis Potently Inhibit Lymphocyte Proliferation In Vitro
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have important immunomodulatory effects that can be exploited in the clinical setting, e.g. in patients suffering from graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. In an experimental animal model, cultures of rat T lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro either with the mitogen Concanavalin A or with irradiated allogeneic cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions, the latter to simulate allo-immunogenic activation of transplanted T cells in vivo. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of rat bone marrow-derived MSC subsequently found to be infected with a common mycoplasma species (Mycoplasma hyorhinis) on T cell activation in vitro and experimental graft-versus-host disease in vivo.We found that M. hyorhinis infection increased the anti-proliferative effect of MSC dramatically, as measured by both radiometric and fluorimetric methods. Inhibition could not be explained solely by the well-known ability of mycoplasmas to degrade tritiated thymidine, but likely was the result of rapid dissemination of M. hyorhinis in the lymphocyte culture.This study demonstrates the potent inhibitory effect exerted by M. hyorhinis in standard lymphocyte proliferation assays in vitro. MSC are efficient vectors of mycoplasma infection, emphasizing the importance of monitoring cell cultures for contamination
A spatially resolved study of photoelectric heating and [CII] cooling in the LMC
(abridged) We study photoelectric heating throughout the Large Magellanic
Cloud. We quantify the importance of the [CII] cooling line and the
photoelectric heating process of various environments in the LMC and
investigate which parameters control the extent of photoelectric heating. We
use the BICE [CII] map and the Spitzer/SAGE infrared maps. We examine the
spatial variations in the efficiency of photoelectric heating: photoelectric
heating rate over power absorbed by grains. We correlate the photoelectric
heating efficiency and the emission from various dust constituents and study
the variations as a function of H\alpha emission, dust temperatures, and the
total infrared luminosity. From this we estimate radiation field, gas
temperature, and electron density. We find systematic variations in
photoelectric efficiency. The highest efficiencies are found in the diffuse
medium, while the lowest coincide with bright star-forming regions (~1.4 times
lower). The [CII] line emission constitutes 1.32% of the far infrared
luminosity across the whole of the LMC. We find correlations between the [CII]
emission and ratios of the mid infrared and far infrared bands, which comprise
various dust constituents. The correlations are interpreted in light of the
spatial variations of the dust abundance and by the local environmental
conditions that affect the dust emission properties. As a function of the total
infrared surface brightness, S_{TIR}, the [CII] surface brightness can be
described as: S_{[CII]}=1.25 S_{TIR}^{0.69} [10^{-3} erg s^{-1} cm^{-2}
sr^{-1}]. The [CII] emission is well-correlation with the 8 micrometer
emission, suggesting that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons play a dominant
role in the photoelectric heating process.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A, 16 pages, 17 figure
Intertumor heterogeneity in vascularity and invasiveness of artificial melanoma brain metastases
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