74 research outputs found

    Hungarian Spaces and Places: Patterns of Transition

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    Although a decade and a half has passed, Hungary's transition from state socialĂ­sm to capitalism and the switchover to market economy and democracy are far from being a closed issue for anyone striving to understand economic, social, political and spatial processes in the early years of the 21st century and place them in the current global processes of transformation. How long will it take for a society that is, with respect to its operation, ridden with all the problems of transition to produce spatial forms that are not simply different from their former socialist counterparts, but expressly capitalistic, i.e. for spatial processes to pass through the stage of transition, in a new system of parliamentary democracy and under the conditions of market economy? If there exists `postsocialist' production of space, what are its characteristics and what are the characteristics of its end-products? Seeking an answer to these and similar questions, this book, adopting two approaches, provides an outline of a few aspects of the spatial context of transition, while offering a new dimension to contemporary politological, sociological and economic research in Hungary and, in part, East Central Europe: 20 chapters in the first three parts are devoted to some spatial aspects, the geography and direct and indirect spatial impacts of (regfonal) political, economic and social transitions, 13 chapters in the next two parts focus on spatial processes themselves, taking stock of new changing patterns of spaces, places and uneven development in Hungary

    Methods to Quantify Nanomaterial Association with, and Distribution across, the Blood-Brain Barrier in Vivo

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    The role and functional anatomy of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is summarized to enable the investigator to appropriately address evaluation of nanomaterial interaction with, and distribution across, it into brain tissue (parenchyma). Transport mechanisms across the BBB are presented, in relation to nanomaterial physicochemical properties. Measures and test substances to assess BBB integrity/disruption/permeation are introduced, along with how they are used to interpret the results obtained with the presented methods. Experimental pitfalls and misinterpretation of results of studies of brain nanomaterial uptake are briefly summarized, that can be avoided with the methods presented in this chapter. Two methods are presented. The in situ brain perfusion technique is used to determine rate and extent of nanomaterial distribution into the brain. The capillary depletion method separates brain parenchymal tissue from the endothelial cells that contribute to the BBB. It is used to verify nanomaterial brain tissue entry. These methods are best used together, the latter refining the results obtained with the former. Details of the materials and equipment needed to conduct these methods, and description of the procedures and data interpretation, are provided

    Glyconanomaterials for biosensing applications

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    Coaching i socialt arbete - Vad Àr det?

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    Coaching har kommit att bli trendigt i alla möjliga sammanhang och verksamheter och kallas för en ”ny och frĂ€sch idĂ©â€. Vi har stĂ€llt oss frĂ„gan vad socialt arbete kan ha för anvĂ€ndning av coaching. DĂ„ litteraturen om coaching Ă€r mĂ„ngfacetterad har vi sjĂ€lva först behövt tydliggöra och förstĂ„ vad coaching innebĂ€r. Studien handlar om hur coaching har hamnat i socialt arbete och vad man har fĂ„tt för anvĂ€ndning av coaching. Ett organisationsperspektiv har anvĂ€nts i förstĂ„elsen av coachingens intrĂ€de i socialt arbete. Vidare jĂ€mförs coaching med teoretiska perspektiv som finns inom socialt arbete. Studien anvĂ€nder en kvalitativ metod med hermeneutiskt perspektiv och har en abduktiv design. Sju respondenter frĂ„n fyra olika verksamheter i socialt arbete har intervjuats. Resultatet visar att coachingens verktyg och förhĂ„llningssĂ€tt redan finns, men att anvĂ€ndandet av coaching Ă€ndĂ„ tillfört nĂ„got nytt. I och med coachingens intrĂ€de har man delvis kunnat utveckla metoder som redan finns och ocksĂ„ utveckla ett salutogent tĂ€nkande. AnvĂ€ndandet av coaching har bidragit till en yrkesmĂ€ssig och personlig utveckling. Trots att utbildning saknas har Ă€ndĂ„ anvĂ€ndandet av begreppet coach varit vĂ€rdefullt. Resultatet visar ocksĂ„ pĂ„ flertalet sammanhang dĂ€r coaching inte Ă€r anvĂ€ndbart i socialt arbete

    FörlossningsrĂ€dsla under graviditet : Betydande bakgrundsfaktorer- Förekomst- ÖnskemĂ„l om förlossningssĂ€tt- Kvinnors kontakt med klinik för förlossningsrĂ€dda

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    Syftet med studien var att undersöka förekomst av gravida kvinnors upplevelse av förlossningsrÀdsla i relation till deras sociodemografiska, psykiatriska och obstetriska bakgrund samt önskat förlossningssÀtt. Metod. Förstföderskor och omföderskor som skrevs in pÄ barnmorskemottagning tillfrÄgades om deltagande i studien och fick besvara tvÄ frÄgeformulÀr under graviditeten. Resultat. Totalt 776 kvinnor svarade pÄ bÄda frÄgeformulÀren och svarsfrekvensen för de flesta frÄgor som anvÀndes till studien var över 92 %. I tidig graviditet upplevdes förlossningsrÀdsla av 12 % av kvinnorna i studien och av 15,5 % i sen graviditet. NÀstan hÀlften av de med tidig upplevelse av förlossningsrÀdsla upplevde i slutet pÄ graviditeten ingen eller liten rÀdsla. Upplevd förlossningsrÀdsla var vanligare bland kvinnor som tidigare varit gravida, omföderskor med erfarenhet av kejsarsnitt, kvinnor födda utanför Sverige och kvinnor som tidigare haft kontakt med psykiater och kurator. Kvinnor med upplevd förlossningsrÀdsla var mer benÀgna att önska kejsarsnitt Àn de som upplevde ingen eller liten rÀdsla. Av kvinnor med upplevd förlossningsrÀdsla hade omkring en fjÀrdedel under graviditeten varit i kontakt med Klaramottagningen, en mottagning med specialisering pÄ förlossningsrÀdsla och en femtedel av dessa kvinnor rapporterade mot slutet av graviditeten ingen eller liten rÀdsla. Kontakt med Klaramottagningen hade Àven kvinnor som i tidig graviditet rapporterade ingen eller liten rÀdsla. Av dessa kvinnor rapporterade 45,8 % att de upplevde förlossningsrÀdsla i slutet pÄ graviditeten. Konklusion. Former för hur identifiering, fördelning av vÄrdens resurser och utformning av stödet till gravida kvinnor och framförallt till de med upplevd förlossningsrÀdsla bÀst sker kan utvecklas ytterligare

    Synthesis of O-linked Carbasugar Analogues of Galactofuranosides and N-linked Neodisaccharides

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    In this thesis, carbohydrate mimicry is investigated through the syntheses of carbohydrate analogues and evaluation of their inhibitory effects on carbohydrate-processing enzymes. Galactofuranosides are interesting structures because they are common motifs in pathogenic microorganisms but not found in mammals. M.tuberculosis, responsible for the disease tuberculosis, has a cell wall containing a repeating unit of alternating (1→5)- and (1→6)-linked ÎČ-D-galactofuranosyl residues. Synthetic inhibitors of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the cell wall could find great therapeutic use. The first part of this thesis describes the first synthesis of the hydrolytically stable carbasugar analogue of galactofuranose, 4a-carba-ÎČ-D-Galf, and the synthetic work of synthesising ÎČ-linked pseudodisaccharides containing carba-Galf, which were tested for glycosyltransferease inhibitory activity. The pseudodisaccharide carba-Galf-(ÎČ1→5)-carba-Galf was found to be a moderate inhibitor of the glycosyltransferase GlfT2 of M.tuberculosis. The thesis also describes how a general method towards biologically relevant α-linked carba-Galf ethers was developed. The final part of this thesis is focussed on the formation of nitrogen-linked monosaccharides without the participation of the anomeric centre. Such a mode of coupling is called tail-to-tail neodisaccharide formation. The couplings of carbohydrate derivatives via the Mitsunobu reaction are successfully reported herein. The method describes the key introduction of an allylic alcohol in the electrophile and the subsequent functionalisation of the alkene to obtain the neodisaccharide. Two synthesised neodisaccharides presented in this thesis have been sent to be tested for glycosidase inhibitory activity.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript. Paper 6: Manuscript
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