Estadificación del cáncer infantil para registros de base poblacional

La recogida de información internacional fiable sobre estadificación de cáncer infantil por los registros de cáncer de base poblacional es esencial para el análisis epidemiológico y la realización de comparaciones evaluativas internacionales explicativas de la incidencia y los resultados asistenciales. En 2014 la Unión International Contra el Cáncer (UICC), el Dana-Farber Cancer Institute y el Hospital for Sick Children de Toronto, convocaron una reunión de consenso para abordar la ausencia de información consistente en la estadificación del cáncer infantil en los registros de cáncer poblacionales. Para cada subconjunto de los grupos/subgrupos diagnósticos mayores de cáncer infantil, en la reunión fueron revisados todos los sistemas de estadificación específicos de cada enfermedad utilizados habitualmente y se recomendó el más adecuado para utilizar en los registros de cáncer de base poblacional. Los sistemas de estadificación recomendados están enumerados como Guías de Toronto para la Estadificación del Cáncer Pediátrico. Las Guías recomiendan sistemas de estadificación específicos para la Leucemia Linfoblástica Aguda, Leucemia Mieloblástica Aguda, Linfoma de Hodgkin, Linfoma no-Hodgkin, Neuroblastoma, Tumor de Wilms, Rabdomiosarcoma, Sarcomas de Tejidos Blandos no-Rabdomiosarcoma, Osteosarcoma, Sarcoma de Ewing, Retinoblastoma, Hepatoblastoma, Tumor de Células Germinales (Cáncer Testicular y Ovárico), Meduloblastoma y Ependimoma. En este texto se proporcionan descripciones detalladas de los sistemas de estadificación recomendados en las Guías, para ayudar a los registros poblacionales de cáncer a recoger información internacionalmente consistente y comparable sobre el estadio del cáncer infantil al diagnóstico utilizando los documentos clínicos disponibles. La viabilidad y validez de estas Guías se ha evaluado con éxito en la práctica2. Están avaladas por el proyecto Factores pronósticos TNM de la UICC y publicadas en la Clasificación TNM de los Tumores Malignos UICC 8ª edición

3D Airway changes using cone beam computed tomography in patients following mandibular advancement surgery with and without constriction

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149306/1/ocr12292.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149306/2/ocr12292_am.pd

One-year molecular survey of astrovirus infection in turkeys in Poland

The presence of turkey astrovirus (TAstV) was monitored in meat-type turkey flocks in Poland in 2008. Clinical samples (10 individual faecal swabs/flock) from 77 flocks aged 1-19 weeks were collected from different regions of the country. RT-PCR experiments were performed for detection and molecular characterization of TAstV using four sets of primers within the RdRp gene (ORF1b). The prevalence of astrovirus was 34/77 (44.15%) in the flocks tested. TAstV type 2 was associated with 30 of 77 infections (38.9%), either alone or in mixed infections; TAstV type 1 was detected in 9 of 77 flocks (11.6%), either alone or in mixed infections; ANV was detected only in one flock (1.29%) by sequence analysis during this study. Phylogenetic analysis revealed genetic variability in the TAstV strains that were isolated. Some of Polish TAstV-2 strains were genetically related to the North American isolates; however, most of them formed a distinct subgroup of “European” isolates, suggesting their separate origin or evolution. Additionally, due to the high variability of the TAstV sequences, the most suitable method for TAstV typing seems to be sequencing

3D Airway changes using CBCT in patients following mandibular setback surgery ± maxillary advancement

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149310/1/ocr12291_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149310/2/ocr12291.pd

Similarities and differences in the autonomic control of airway and urinary bladder smooth muscle

The airways and the urinary bladder are both hollow organs serving very different functions, i.e. air flow and urine storage, respectively. While the autonomic nervous system seems to play only a minor if any role in the physiological regulation of airway tone during normal breathing, it is important in the physiological regulation of bladder smooth muscle contraction and relaxation. While both tissues share a greater expression of M2 than of M3 muscarinic receptors, smooth muscle contraction in both is largely mediated by the smaller M3 population apparently involving phospholipase C activation to only a minor if any extent. While smooth muscle in both tissues can be relaxed by β-adrenoceptor stimulation, this primarily involves β2-adrenoceptors in human airways and β3-adrenoceptors in human bladder. Despite activation of adenylyl cyclase by either subtype, cyclic adenosine monophosphate plays only a minor role in bladder relaxation by β-agonists; an important but not exclusive function is known in airway relaxation. While airway β2-adrenoceptors are sensitive to agonist-induced desensitization, β3-adrenoceptors are generally considered to exhibit much less if any sensitivity to desensitization. Gene polymorphisms exist in the genes of both β2- and β3-adrenoceptors. Despite being not fully conclusive, the available data suggest some role of β2-adrenoceptor polymorphisms in airway function and its treatment by receptor agonists, whereas the available data on β3-adrenoceptor polymorphisms and bladder function are too limited to allow robust interpretation. We conclude that the distinct functions of airways and urinary bladder are reflected in a differential regulation by the autonomic nervous system. Studying these differences may be informative for a better understanding of each tissue

Inheritance of protection from osmotic stress

Exposure of mother worms to mild osmotic stress induces gene expression changes in offspring that protect them from strong osmotic stress. Inheritance of protection is now shown to depend on altered insulin-like signalling in the maternal germline, which confers protection through increased expression of zygotic gpdh-2, a rate-limiting enzyme in glycerol biosynthesis

X-ray emission from the Sombrero galaxy: discrete sources

We present a study of discrete X-ray sources in and around the bulge-dominated, massive Sa galaxy, Sombrero (M104), based on new and archival Chandra observations with a total exposure of ~200 ks. With a detection limit of L_X = 1E37 erg/s and a field of view covering a galactocentric radius of ~30 kpc (11.5 arcminute), 383 sources are detected. Cross-correlation with Spitler et al.'s catalogue of Sombrero globular clusters (GCs) identified from HST/ACS observations reveals 41 X-rays sources in GCs, presumably low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs). We quantify the differential luminosity functions (LFs) for both the detected GC and field LMXBs, whose power-low indices (~1.1 for the GC-LF and ~1.6 for field-LF) are consistent with previous studies for elliptical galaxies. With precise sky positions of the GCs without a detected X-ray source, we further quantify, through a fluctuation analysis, the GC LF at fainter luminosities down to 1E35 erg/s. The derived index rules out a faint-end slope flatter than 1.1 at a 2 sigma significance, contrary to recent findings in several elliptical galaxies and the bulge of M31. On the other hand, the 2-6 keV unresolved emission places a tight constraint on the field LF, implying a flattened index of ~1.0 below 1E37 erg/s. We also detect 101 sources in the halo of Sombrero. The presence of these sources cannot be interpreted as galactic LMXBs whose spatial distribution empirically follows the starlight. Their number is also higher than the expected number of cosmic AGNs (52+/-11 [1 sigma]) whose surface density is constrained by deep X-ray surveys. We suggest that either the cosmic X-ray background is unusually high in the direction of Sombrero, or a distinct population of X-ray sources is present in the halo of Sombrero.Comment: 11 figures, 5 tables, ApJ in pres

CD47 plays a critical role in T-cell recruitment by regulation of LFA-1 and VLA-4 integrin adhesive functions

CD47 plays an important but incompletely understood role in the innate and adaptive immune responses. CD47, also called integrin-associated protein, has been demonstrated to associate in cis with β1 and β3 integrins. Here we test the hypothesis that CD47 regulates adhesive functions of T-cell α4β1 (VLA-4) and αLβ2 (LFA-1) in in vivo and in vitro models of inflammation. Intravital microscopy studies reveal that CD47(−/−) Th1 cells exhibit reduced interactions with wild-type (WT) inflamed cremaster muscle microvessels. Similarly, murine CD47(−/−) Th1 cells, as compared with WT, showed defects in adhesion and transmigration across tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)–activated murine endothelium and in adhesion to immobilized intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) under flow conditions. Human Jurkat T-cells lacking CD47 also showed reduced adhesion to TNF-α–activated endothelium and ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. In cis interactions between Jurkat T-cell β2 integrins and CD47 were detected by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Unexpectedly, Jurkat CD47 null cells exhibited a striking defect in β1 and β2 integrin activation in response to Mn(2+) or Mg(2+)/ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid treatment. Our results demonstrate that CD47 associates with β2 integrins and is necessary to induce high-affinity conformations of LFA-1 and VLA-4 that recognize their endothelial cell ligands and support leukocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration

Does diet affect breast cancer risk?

The role of specific dietary factors in breast cancer causation is not completely resolved. Results from prospective studies do not support the concept that fat intake in middle life has a major relation to breast cancer risk. However, weight gain in middle life contributes substantially to breast cancer risk. Alcohol is the best established dietary risk factor, probably by increasing endogenous estrogen levels. Hypotheses relating diet during youth to risk decades later will be difficult to test. Nevertheless, available evidence is strong that breast cancer risk can be reduced by avoiding weight gain during adult years, and by limiting alcohol consumption