Efectividad de aislamientos de hongos entomopat\u85fgenos sobre larvas de polilla del tomate Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The tomato moth, Tuta absoluta Meyrick, is a serious pest on tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) crops in Chile. Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the virulence and effectiveness of the isolates Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae isolate Qu-M558 and Beauveria bassiana isolate Qu-B912, on third instar of T. absoluta larvae. The first evaluation was carried out spraying directly on third instar larvae, spore suspensions (0 to 108 conidia mL-1) of each isolate through a Potter tower. Comparisons were made by calculating the area under a mortality progress curve. Differences were not observed in the areas between isolates (P = 0.384). The LC50 and LC90 for Qu-B912 were 104.4 and 107.6 conidia mL-1, and for Qu-M558 were 105.4 and 109.1 conidia mL-1, respectively. A second evaluation was carried out spraying on tomato leaves spore suspensions (0 to 108 conidia mL-1) of Qu-B912 isolate through a Potter tower. Third stage T. absoluta larvae were fed with these infected leaves. Thirteen days after inoculation doses of 108 conidias mL-1 caused 68% of larvae mortality.La polilla del tomate, Tuta absoluta Meyrick, es una plaga importante en el cultivo del tomate ( Lycopersicon esculentum L.) en Chile. Estudios de laboratorio fueron realizados para evaluar la virulencia y efectividad de Qu-M558 de Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliaey Qu-B912 de Beauveria bassiana . La primera evaluaci\uf3n fue realizada aplicando concentraciones de 0 a 108 conidia mL-1 directamente sobre larvas de tercer estadio mediante el sistema de pulverizaci\uf3n torre Potter. Las comparaciones fueron realizadas calculando el \ue1rea bajo la curva del progreso de la mortalidad a trav\ue9s del tiempo. No se observaron diferencias en las \ue1reas entre aislamientos (P = 0,384). La CL50 y CL90 para Qu-B912 fue de 104,4 y 107,6 conidias mL-1, y para Qu-M558 de 105,4 y 109,1 conidias mL-1,respectivamente. Un segundo estudio fue realizado aplicando sobre hojas de tomate suspensiones de 0 a 108 conidias mL-1 del aislamiento Qu-B912, a trav\ue9s de la torre de pulverizaci\uf3n Potter. Larvas del tercer estadio de T. absoluta fueron alimentadas con estas hojas infectadas. Trece d\uedas despu\ue9s de la inoculaci\uf3n los porcentajes de mortalidad alcanzaron un 68% a la m\ue1xima concentraci\uf3n de in\uf3culo

Selecci\uf3n de aislamientos de hongos entomopat\uf3genos para el control de huevos de la polilla del tomate, Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: gelechiidae)

A pathogenicity study of 64 Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae and 70 Beauveria bassiana isolates against tomato moth Tuta absoluta eggs, was carried out under laboratory conditions. The first evaluation was accomplished by spraying suspensions of 107 conidias mL-1 of each isolate directly on eggs, through a Potter tower. Mortality and conidia production on the eggs were significantly higher with the isolates M. anisopliae Qu-M558 and B. bassiana Qu-B911, Qu-B912 and Qu-B928. These isolates were newly evaluated using increasing conidia concentrations (0 to 108 conidia mL-1) of each of the five selected isolates. The isolates Qu-B912 and Qu-M558 produced the highest mortality percentages based on the area under mortality progress curve for each concentration, 80 and 60%, respectively.Se realiz\uf3 un estudio en laboratorio sobre la patogenicidad de 64 aislamientos de Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae y 70 de Beauveria bassiana , en huevos de polilla del tomate Tuta absoluta . La primera evaluaci\uf3n se realiz\uf3 por aplicaci\uf3n directa de suspensiones de 107 conidias mL-1 para cada aislamiento, con el sistema de pulverizaci\uf3n de la torre de Potter. La mortalidad y esporulaci\uf3n sobre huevos fueron significativamente mayores con los aislamientos M. anisopliae Qu-M558 y B. bassiana Qu-B911, Qu-B912 y Qu-B928. Estos aislamientos fueron evaluados nuevamente en suspensiones crecientes de 0 a 108 conidias mL-1. Los aislamientos Qu-M558 y Qu-B912, produjeron los mayores porcentajes de mortalidad sobre la base del c\ue1lculo del \ue1rea bajo la curva del progreso de mortalidad de huevos, 80 y 60%, respectivamente

RAPD e ITS detectan variaci\uf3n molecular en poblaciones Chilenas de Beauveria bassiana

Entomopathogenic fungi are an attractive alternative for the biological control of insects. In Chile, the Quilamapu Regional Research Center of the National Agricultural Research Institute (INIA) has collected about 400 isolates of the genus Beauveria along the country. A partial classification of this collection has been based on morphology and efficiency as biological control agents. It is necessary to complement this characterization with genetic molecular markers, to determine the level of genetic diversity in Chilean Beauveria bassiana populations and to identify banding patterns that discriminate among isolates from a representative sample of the B. bassiana collection. The analysis was done using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS)-rDNA sequences. The RAPD analysis indicated high genetic diversity among the isolates, with a 43% of similarity on the average. RAPD were more efficient at identifying isolates. On the other hand, the ITS analysis determined a lower diversity, with an 83% of similarity among the isolates. The low number of haplotypes did not allow discrimination among isolates. ITS 1 region showed a higher number of restriction sites, compared to ITS 2 region. For the two molecular markers, genetic diversity was not associated with the geographical origin of the isolates.Los hongos entomopat\uf3genos son una alternativa atractiva para el control biol\uf3gico de insectos plagas. En Chile, el Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Centro Regional de Investigaci\uf3n Quilamapu mantiene aproximadamente 400 aislamientos de Beauveria, colectados a trav\ue9s del pa\ueds. Esta colecci\uf3n ha sido parcialmente clasificada en base a su morfolog\ueda y a su eficacia como controlador biol\uf3gico. Sin embargo, es necesario complementar estos estudios con una caracterizaci\uf3n a nivel gen\ue9tico-molecular, para determinar el nivel de diversidad gen\ue9tica de Beauveria bassiana e identificar posibles patrones de bandas que permitan dicriminar entre aislamientos. En este estudio, se analizaron 36 aislamientos de B. bassiana provenientes de diversas regiones geogr\ue1ficas del pa\ueds. El an\ue1lisis gen\ue9tico se realiz\uf3 mediante el ADN Polim\uf3rfico Amplificado al Azar (RAPD) y la Reacci\uf3n en Cadena de la Polimerasa-Fragmentos de Restricci\uf3n Polim\uf3rficos (PCR-RFLP) de los espaciadores internos transcritos (ITS) de las secuencias ribosomales del ADN (ITS-rDNA). El an\ue1lisis de RAPD indic\uf3 una alta diversidad gen\ue9tica entre los aislamientos, con un promedio de 43% de similitud. Por otro lado, el an\ue1lisis de los ITS determin\uf3 una menor diversidad, con un 83% de similitud entre aislamientos. La regi\uf3n ITS 1 mostr\uf3 un mayor n\ufamero de sitios de restricci\uf3n que la regi\uf3n ITS 2. Los RAPD fueron m\ue1s eficientes para discriminar (o identificar) entre cepas debido al bajo n\ufamero de haplotipos detectados con los ITS. Para los dos marcadores utilizados en este estudio, la diversidad gen\ue9tica no estuvo asociada con el origen geogr\ue1fico de los aislamientos

Desplazamiento de conidias de Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae en columnas de tres series de suelo

The fungus Metarhizium anisopliae isolationQu-M270 is a promising control agent for the wheat white grub( Hylamorpha elegans Burm.), a Chilean scarabeid species whose larvae feed on roots of diverse crops and move in soil up to a depth of 25 cm. In this study, the vertical movement of Qu- M270 conidias suspended in water was evaluated in three soil series from the B\uedo-B\uedo Region (36\ub032' S lat; 71\ub055' W long), Chile. Soil was obtained using PVC pipes 30 cm long by 20 cm in diameter. Conidia recovery was performed in a specific medium for Metarhizium anisopliae, by counting colony forming units in 1 g of dry soil. The Quella series (Aquic Durixerets) was more restrictive to the percolation of conidia, which were concentrated at the first 10 cm. With the Arenales series (Dystric Xeropsamments), conidia were found below 15 cm and in percolated liquids. On the other hand, the Mirador series (Ultic Palexeralf) had a uniform distribution of conidia at every depth.El hongo entomopat\uf3geno Metarhizium anisopliae , aislamiento Qu-M270, es espec\uedfico para el control del gusano blanco del trigo ( Hylamorpha elegans Burm.), el cual se alimenta de ra\uedces de diversos cultivos y se desplaza en el perfil del suelo hasta los 25 cm de profundidad. En este estudio se evalu\uf3 el desplazamiento vertical de conidias de Qu-M270, en suspensi\uf3n acuosa, a trav\ue9s de columnas de suelo extra\ueddas con tubos de PVC de 30 cm de largo y 20 cm de di\ue1metro, en tres series de suelo de la Regi\uf3n del B\uedo-B\uedo (36\ub032' lat. Sur; 71\ub055' long. Oeste), Chile. La recuperaci\uf3n de conidias se realiz\uf3 en medio especifico para Metarhizium anisopliae, contabilizando unidades formadoras de colonias por gramo de suelo seco. La serie Quella (Aquic Durixerets) fue m\ue1s restrictiva al paso de conidias, las que se concentraron en los primeros 10 cm de profundidad, a diferencia de la serie Arenales (Dystric Xeropsamments) en que se observ\uf3 su presencia bajo los 15 cm y en los l\uedquidos percolados. La serie Mirador (Ultic Palexeralf) present\uf3 una distribuci\uf3n uniforme a lo largo de todo el perfil

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Astro-INIA: Primera variedad de poroto granado tipo coscorr\uf3n de h\ue1bito de crecimiento determinado arbustivo

Astro-INIA is the first bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) variety of the coscorron type released in Chile, for green shelled bean production, with determinated bush growth habit (Type 1) released in Chile. Its origin was by selection from a plant selection with a determined of bush growth habit , Type 1, from a plantation of a seed producing crop of the Coscorron variety Granado-INIA, the latter with a vine growth habit. Besides its good architecture, Astro-INIA is notable for its earliness and good culinary quality, similarly to other coscorron varieties and landraces used in Chile for green shelled bean production.Astro-INIA es la primera variedad de poroto ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tipo coscorr\uf3n liberada en Chile, con h\ue1bito de crecimiento arbustivo y para producci\uf3n de poroto granado. Su origen fue por selecci\uf3n desde una planta de h\ue1bito de crecimiento determinado arbustivo, Tipo 1, dentro de una siembra de producci\uf3n de semilla de la variedad coscorr\uf3n Granado-INIA, esta \ufaltima de h\ue1bito de crecimiento guiador. Adem\ue1s de su buen tipo de planta, Astro-INIA se destaca por su precocidad y excelente calidad culinaria, similar a las variedades y tipos coscorrones utilizados en el pa\ueds para la producci\uf3n de poroto granado

Selecci\uf3n de aislamientos nativos de hongos patog\ue9nicos a Vespula germanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

The yellowjacket wasp, Vespula germanica F., is considered a serious pest of productive and recreational activities worldwide. A pathogenicity study was carried out with 29 strains of Metarhizium anisopliae and 30 of Beauveria bassiana against worker and male wasps. Wasps of the same age were fed with liquid sugar baits containing 1 x 108 conidia mL-1 suspensions of each strain. The highest mortality and sporulation were obtained with the strains Qu-B941 and Qu-B933 of Beauveria bassiana, reaching 79 and 95% mortality for workers and 66 and 73% for males, respectively. The strains were tested on workers of V. germanica with increasing amounts of bait from 0 to 1 x 108 conidia mL-1. The results also showed that 1 x 108 conidia mL-1 increased up to 90 and 97% the mortality of workers with Qu-B941 and Qu-B933 strains, respectively.La avispa chaqueta amarilla, Vespula germanica F., es una especie cosmopolita, considerada en muchos pa\uedses como un problema serio para el desarrollo de actividades productivas y recreativas. Entre las nuevas alternativas para el control de la plaga est\ue1 el uso de hongos entomopat\uf3genos. Se estudi\uf3 la patogenicidad de 29 aislamientos de Metarhizium anisopliae y 30 de Beauveria bassiana , sobre obreras y machos de la avispa. La evaluaci\uf3n se realiz\uf3 sobre adultos de igual edad, administrando dosis de 1 x 108 conidia mL-1 de cada aislamiento, en cebos l\uedquidos azucarados. La mortalidad y esporulaci\uf3n de los aislamientos de Beauveria bassiana Qu-B941 y Qu-B933 fueron significativamente mayores, alcanzando porcentajes de mortalidad de 79 y 95% para obreras y de 66 y 73% para machos, respectivamente. Estos aislamientos fueron evaluados en cebos con suspensiones crecientes de 0 a 1 x 108 conidia mL-1 sobre obreras de V. germanica. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que mayores concentraciones de in\uf3culo incrementan significativamente los \uedndices de mortalidad, alcanzando 90 y 97% para Qu-B941 y Qu-B933, respectivamente, con la m\ue1xima concentraci\uf3n de in\uf3culo

Patogenicidad de Aislamientos Chilenos de Beauveria Bassianaen Adultos de Asynonychus Cervinus(Boh.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Four native isolates of Beauveria bassiana were evaluated for food consumption and mortality over time against adults of Asynonychus cervinus (Boh.) through inoculation at different concentrations (0-108 conidia mL-1). The results indicated that food intake of insects treated with B. bassiana decreased linearly, reducing 70% consumption after 35 days. As to mortality, no differences were observed among the four isolates, all were lethal for A. cervinus and the deadliness increased with the concentrations of the isolate. From the mortality curves, the lethal concentrations LC50 and LC90 were calculated, and the best isolate (Qu-B299) had values of 1x104.7 and 1x108.3 conidia mL-1, respectively.Se evalu\uf3 el efecto de cuatro aislamientos nativos de Beauveria bassiana sobre el consumo de alimento y la mortalidad a trav\ue9s del tiempo de adultos de Asynonychus cervinus, mediante inmersi\uf3n a distintas concentraciones de in\uf3culo (0-108 conidias mL-1). Los resultados indicaron que los insectos tratados con B. bassiana redujeron el consumo de alimento en forma lineal, disminuyendo en 70% su consumo a los 35 d\uedas. En cuanto a la mortalidad, los cuatro aislamientos no presentaron diferencias entre ellos, todos fueron letales para A. cervinus y la letalidad aument\uf3 junto a las concentraciones de in\uf3culo. A partir de las curvas de mortalidad se calcularon las concentraciones letales CL50 y CL590, donde la mejor aislaci\uf3n (Qu-B299) obtuvo valores de 1x104,7 y 1x108,3 conidias mL-1, respectivamente

Luanco-INIA: Nueva variedad de ch\uedcharo (Lathyrus sativus L.) de grano grande para exportacion

Luanco-INIA is a new grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) cultivar obtained through pure selection from the accession LS-0027, of Chilean grasspea germplasm. The outstanding characteristic of this cultivar is its large seed size, with a mean 100-seed weight of 30 g, which can increase up to 35 g in a favorable environment. It has light green foliage and a mean height of 30 to 50 cm, depending on environmental conditions. Luanco-INIA has white flowers and the number of seeds per pod varies from 1 to 3. The color of the seed is creamy-white with yellow cotyledons. Luanco-INIA is well adapted to dry winter and spring seeding, either in medium or high rainfall areas of the south-central and southern areas of Chile. The yield is similar to the ecotype normally used by farmers, but with a significantly higher seed size.Luanco-INIA es un nuevo cultivar de ch\uedcharo (Lathyrus sativus L.) obtenido a trav\ue9s de selecci\uf3n por l\uednea pura de la accesi\uf3n LS-0027, del germoplasma chileno de ch\uedcharo. Su caracter\uedstica m\ue1s sobresaliente es el gran tama\uf1o del grano, cuyo peso promedio de 100 semillas es de 30 g, y que puede alcanzar hasta 35 g en ambientes favorables. Tiene un follaje de color verde claro y con una altura de planta entre 30 a 50 cm de altura, dependiendo de las condiciones ambientales. Luanco-INIA tiene flores blancas y el n\ufamero de semillas por vaina var\ueda entre 1 a 3. El color de su semilla es blanco-crema con los cotiledones de color amarillo. Luanco-INIA presenta una buena adaptaci\uf3n a las siembras de secano de fines de invierno y primavera, en las \ue1reas de pluviometr\ueda media y alta de las zonas centro-sur y sur del pa\ueds. Su rendimiento es similar a la mezcla de ecotipos que utilizan los agricultores, pero el tama\uf1o de sus granos es superior

Evaluaci\uf3n de dos Cepas del Hongo Metarhizium Anisopliae var. Anisopliae (Metsh.) para el Control de Larvas de Gusano Blanco Hylamorpha Elegans Burm. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

The white grub, Hylamorpha elegans Burm., is a serious pest on cereals and pastures in Chile. In laboratory and greenhouse studies, the pathogenicity of two Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (Metsh.) isolates: Qu-M270 and Qu-M802 on H. elegans larvae was evaluated. The first evaluation was carried out by immersion of third instar larvae in increasing suspensions, 0 to 108 conidia mL-1 of each isolate. The area under an accumulated mortality curve was calculated, observing differences (P = 0.032) between the isolates, with Qu-M270 being 50% superior to Qu-M802. The LC50 and LC90 for Qu-M270 were 104.7 and 107.5 conidia mL-1, respectively. The greenhouse evaluation was carried out in pots with pasteurized soil and 10 larvae of H. elegans, on which four suspensions (0 to 1014 conidia ha-1) were pulverized. After thirty days, there were no significant differences in the mortality between doses of 1013 and 1014 conidia ha-1 (P < 0.05), with 95 and 94% of larval mortality, respectively, but there was a difference at 1012 conidia ha-1 (P = 0.045) with 74% mortality. It is concluded that Qu-M270 was more effective in the control of H. elegans larvae.El gusano blanco, Hylamorpha elegans Burm., es una plaga grave en cereales y praderas en Chile. Se evalu\uf3 en laboratorio e invernadero la patogenicidad de dos aislamientos del hongo Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae: Qu-M270 y Qu-M802, sobre larvas de tercer estadio de Hylamorpha elegans Burm. La primera evaluaci\uf3n se realiz\uf3 por inmersi\uf3n de las larvas en suspensiones crecientes de 0 a 108 conidias mL-1 de cada aislamiento. Se calcul\uf3 el \ue1rea bajo la curva de la mortalidad acumulada, observ\ue1ndose diferencias (P = 0,032) entre aislamientos, siendo Qu-M270 superior en un 50% a Qu-M802. Las CL50 y CL90 para Qu-M270 fueron 104,7 y 107,5 conidias mL-1, respectivamente. Las evaluaciones en invernadero se realizaron en macetas con suelo pasteurizado y 10 larvas L3 de H. elegans, sobre las cuales se pulverizaron cuatro suspensiones (0 a 1014 conidias ha-1). Luego de 30 d\uedas, no hubo diferencias significativas en la mortalidad (P < 0,05) entre dosis de 1013 y 1014 conidias ha-1, con 95 y 94% de mortalidad, respectivamente, pero s\ued respecto a 1012 conidias ha-1 (P = 0,045), la que fue de 74%. Se concluy\uf3 que Qu-M270 fue m\ue1s efectiva en el control de larvas de H. elegans