Validated Sensitive Spectrophotometric methods for Determination of Carvedilol and Nebivolol HCl in dosage forms.

A simple, sensitive and rapid spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the determination of two antihypertensive drugs namely, carvedilol and nebivolol hydrochloride in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations. Method (I) is based on the formation of a binary complex between the studied drugs and eosin Y in presence of tween 80 at (pH 3.0).The formed complex exhibited maximum absorption at 545 nm for carvedilol and 543 nm for nebivolol. The concentration plots were rectilinear over concentration range of 0.5-5 and 1-7 µg/mL with lower detection limits of 0.09 and 0.11µg/mL and lower quantitation limits of 0.28 and 0 .34 µg/mL for carvedilol and nebivolol respectively. Method (II) is based on the reaction of studied drugs through their secondary amino groups with 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) at pH 8 to form yellow colored reaction products peaking at 383 nm and 390 nm for carvedilol and nebivolol, respectively. The absorbance-concentration plots were rectilinear over the concentration ranges of 5-30 and 4-28 µg/ mLwith the lower detection limits of 0.48 and 0.51 µg/mL and the lower quantitation limits of 1.45 and 1.54 µg/mL for cavredilol and nebivolol respectively. The different experimental parameters affecting the development and stability of the formed complex and reaction products were carefully studied and optimized for both methods. Both methods were successfully applied for determination of the studied drugs in their dosage forms

Two spectrophotometric methods for the determination of azithromycin and roxithromycin in pharmaceutical preparations

Two new and simple spectrophotometric procedures have been proposed and validated for estimation of two important macrolide antibiotics namely, azithromycin dihydrate and roxithromycin. Method I depends on complex formation between any of the two drugs and copper in acidic medium where the absorbances of the produced complexes are measured at 250 and 264 nm with linearity ranges of 1.0-100.0 and 2.0-130.0 µg/mL for the two drugs, respectively. Method II depends on the reaction of these drugs with N-bromosuccinimide forming a product which is yellow colored, measured at 264 and 278 nm, with linearity ranges of 2.0-140.0 and 3.0-160.0 µg/mL for azithromycin dihydrate and roxithromycin, respectively. The proposed methods were subjected to detailed validation procedure; moreover they were used for the estimation of the concerned drugs in their different dosage forms. Study of the reactions stoichiometry was carried out; furthermore, a reaction mechanism proposal was presented

Evaluation of serotonin serum level in cases of alopecia areata and vitiligo

Background: There are cutaneous illnesses that could be exacerbated or precipitated by stress, including alopecia areata, psoriasis, and even vitiligo. Psychological sequelae mainly affected by serotonin have been studied among these patients.Objective: Assessment of blood serotonin levels in alopecia areata and vitiligo patients for psychological impacts. Patients and Methods: 15 individuals with vitiligo, 15 with alopecia areata, and 15 healthy age and sex matched controls were studied in this study. A modified version of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) was used to quantify the stress index, and blood serotonin levels were also measured to study the role of stress in alopecia areata and vitiligo.Results: Patients who had alopecia areata as well as vitiligo had considerably greater serum serotonin levels than controls. In the vitiligo group, there was a strong positive connection between serum serotonin, the vitiligo area scoring index (VASI) score, and the stress index. On the other hand, no positive correlation was found between serum serotonin and both severity of alopecia tool (SALT) score and stress index in alopecia areata group. Conclusion: In both alopecia areata and vitiligo, psychological stress appears to play a significant role as a triggering factor and we should pay attention to psychiatric role to get proper treatment for such chronic diseases

Micelarna tekućinska kromatografska analiza benzilnog alkohola i benzaldehida u injekcijskim pripravcima

An accurate, sensitive and selective reversed-phase micellar liquid chromatographic method was developed for simultaneous determination of benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde. This method was applied in different injectable formulations containing diclofenac, piroxicam. lincomycin and clindamycin. The method showed excellent linearity in the range of 10100 and 120 μg mL1 with the limit of detection (S/N = 3) 0.25 μg mL (2.3 × 106 mol L1) and 0.12 µg mL1 (1.13 × 106 mol L1) for benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde, respectively. The suggested method was successfully applied for the analysis of the studied drugs in bulk with average recoveries of 100.1 ± 1.0% for benzyl alcohol and 100.4 ± 1.6% for benzaldehyde and to the determination of benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde in injectable formulations with the respective average recoveries of 99.8 ± 0.3 and 100.0 ± 0.4%.Razvijena je točna, osjetljiva i selektivna reverzno-fazno micelarna kromatografska metoda za simultano određivanje benzilnog alkohola i benzaldehida. Ta metoda je primijenjena u injekcijskim pripravcima diklofenaka, piroksikama, linkomicina i klindamicina. U koncentracijskom području 10100 i 120 μg mL1 postignuta je izvrsna linearnost s granicom detekcije (S/N = 3) 0,25 μg mL1 (2,3 × 106 mol L1) i 0,12 µg mL1 (1,13 × 106 mol L1) za benzilni alkohol, odnosno benzaldehid. Metoda je uspješno primijenjena za analizu benzilnog alkohola i benzaldehida kao čistih supstancija s analitičkim povratom 100.1 ± 1.0% za benzilni alkohol i 100.4 ± 1.6% za benzaldehid te za određivanje benzilnog alkohola i benzaldehida u injekcijskim pripravcima s analitičkim povratom 99.8 ± 0.3 i 100.0 ± 0.4%

The antihyperlipidemic activities of 4(3H) quinazolinone and two halogenated derivatives in rats

In the present study, the effects of subchronic treatments (4 weeks) of hypercholesterolemic (single) and diabetic-hypercholesterolemic (combined) rats with 4 (3H) quinazolinone and 2 halogenated derivatives (6, 8-dibromo-2-methy-4 (3H) quinazolinone and 6-iodo-2-methyl-4(3H) quinazolinone) at a sublethal dose level (2 mg/Kg) on cholesterol metabolism were investigated. Bezafibrate, a hypolipidemic drug was used as a reference compound for data comparison. Treatment of rats with single and combined hypercholesterolemia with quinazolinone compounds gave rise to highly significant reductions in serum total cholesterol and cholesterol ester levels, whereas serum triacylglycerol level was significantly reduced only after treatment with halogen-substituted quinazolinones in single hyper-cholesterolemia, compared to the control group. The effects of different quinazolinones and bezafibrate on reduction of serum LDL-C level were comparable in single hypercholesterolemia but significantly different in combined hypercholesterolemia. Results obtained from this study suggest that the antihyperlipidemic effect of quinazolinone compounds was brought about by inhibition of dietary cholesterol absorption and / or intestinal ACAT activity

Design a Hybrid Algorithm Based on Tabu Search and Misuse Detection for Intrusion Dataset (KDD99 10%)

ادى النمو والتطور في شبكة الانترنت، الى سرعة التوسع في انظمة الشبكات المحلية وشبكة الويب العالمية، وانعكس على زيادة كبيرة جدا لمستخدمي شبكة الانترنت، وبهذا اصبحت البيانات واجهزة الحاسوب ذات اهمية أكبر المرتبطة بالشبكة العالمية التي جعلتها أكثر عرضة للمهاجمين، لهذا فهنالك حاجة ملحة لزيادة حماية اجهزة وبيانات المستخدمين من الهجمات. ومنها كشف وتصنيف للبيانات المنقولة عبر الشبكة العالمية وبالأخص التي تصل اجهزة المستخدمين لمنع الوصول غير المشروع. ومن هذا المنطلق استند هذا البحث على استخدام احدى الخوارزميات الذكائية المتمثلة بخوارزمية ما بعد الحدسية (تابو) لإيجاد القواعد الاكثر كفاءة في عملية الكشف واستخدام افضل الطرق لإهمال القواعد المتكررة مما يساعد على تقليل مساحات الخزن وتقليل الوقت مضاف الى ذلك تم تهجينها مع الذكاء الصناعي المتمثل بالمنطق المضبب الذي بدوره مكن من اختزال القواعد المطلوبة للقيام بتهجينها من اجل الحصول على قواعد جديدة ، وتم اجراء التجارب على بيانات KDD99 10% لإجراء عمليات الكشف وتحديد من خلال الخوارزمية فيما لو كانت البيانات طبيعية ام هجمات، وبهذا أعطت هذه الخوارزمية نتائج معدل كشف (Detection Rate) ما مقداره (87.7%) ودقة كشف (Detection accuracy) ما مقداره (96.36%)  والوقت المستغرق للنتائج التي تم الحصول عليها 13 دقيقة و 26 ثانية.The growth and development of the Internet has led to the rapid expansion of Local network systems and World Wide Web, has reflected a very large increase in Internet users. Data and computer hardware are becoming more relevant to the global network, making it more vulnerable to attackers. so there is an urgent need to further protect the Devices and data users of attacks or unauthorized access. Including the detection and classification of data transmitted over the World Wide Web, especially that connect users' devices to prevent illegal access. In this sense, the research was based on the use of one of the smart algorithms of meta heuristic algorithm (Tabu) to find the most efficient rules in the detection process and use the best ways to neglect the repeated rules, which helps to reduce the storage space and reduce the time addition. Algorithm was hybridized with the artificial intelligence (Fuzzy Logic) Which in turn can reduce the rules required to hybridize in order to obtain new rules. Experiments were conducted on dataset (KDD99 10%) for detection and determination through algorithm if dataset is normal or attacks, Thus, this algorithm gave the results of a Detection Rate of 87.7%, a Detection accuracy of 96.36%, and the time taken for the results obtained was 13 minutes and 26 seconds

Prevalence of selective IgA deficiency in a sample of Egyptian patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Background: Selective Immunoglobulin A deficiency (SIgAD) is known to be one of the most frequent primary immunodeficiency diseases. Several studies worldwide confirm the increased frequency of this disease among type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), yet this has not been studied in Egypt.Objective: This work aimed to define the prevalence of SIgAD among Egyptian patients with T1DM.Patients and Methods: Fifty patients with T1DM were compared to fifty apparently healthy individuals. Serum levels of IgA, IgG, and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels were measured by Nephelometry to all participants.Results: The mean age of the diabetic group was 24.5 ± 5.3 years. Thirty out of fifty patients with T1DM (60%) were diagnosed as SIgAD with, female predominance (66.7% of SIgAD). We also found a significant relationship between SIgAD and diabetic ketoacidosis (P-value<0.001). Serum IgA levels were positively correlated to IgG and IgM. Conclusion: The current study displays 60% prevalence of SIgAD among adult Egyptians with T1DM, which is higher than stated in other countries

Validated stability indicating liquid chromatographic determination of ebastine in pharmaceuticals after pre column derivatization: Application to tablets and content uniformity testing

An accurate, simple, sensitive and selective reversed phase liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of ebastine in its pharmaceutical preparations. The proposed method depends on the complexation ability of the studied drug with Zn2+ ions. Reversed phase chromatography was conducted using an ODS C18 (150 × 4.6 mm id) stainless steel column at ambient temperature with UV-detection at 260 nm. A mobile phase containing 0.025%w/v Zn2+ in a mixture of (acetonitril/methanol; 1/4) and Britton Robinson buffer (65:35, v/v) adjusted to pH 4.2, has been used for the determination of ebastine at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The calibration curve was rectilinear over the concentration range of 0.3 - 6.0 μg/ml with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.13 μg/ml, and quantification limit (LOQ) of 0.26 μg/ml. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of ebastine in its dosage forms, the obtained results were favorably compared with those obtained by a comparison method. Furthermore, content uniformity testing of the studied pharmaceutical formulations was also conducted. The composition of the complex as well as its stability constant was also investigated. Moreover, the proposed method was found to be a stability indicating one and was utilized to investigate the kinetics of alkaline and ultraviolet induced degradation of the drug. The first-order rate constant and half life of the degradation products were calculated

Validated stability-indicating spectrofluorimetric methods for the determination of ebastine in pharmaceutical preparations

Two sensitive, selective, economic, and validated spectrofluorimetric methods were developed for the determination of ebastine (EBS) in pharmaceutical preparations depending on reaction with its tertiary amino group. Method I involves condensation of the drug with mixed anhydrides (citric and acetic anhydrides) producing a product with intense fluorescence, which was measured at 496 nm after excitation at 388 nm

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London