Diderot traducteur de Leibniz.

Diderot, particulièrement connu comme traducteur d’auteurs anglais, peut être considéré comme un grand traducteur de philosophie et l’article LEIBNITZIANISME de l’Encyclopédie permet d’en apprécier la figure. Notre lecture de l’article LEIBNITZIANISME privilégie l’idée d’une convergence métathéorique entre Diderot et Leibniz. Plus précisément, la divergence théorique entre les deux auteurs cacherait non pas une influence confuse mais une similarité à la fois méthodologique et conceptuelle. De plus, l’éclectisme dont témoigne l’article est, selon nous, supporté par des références textuelles appartenant au corpus leibnizien. L’exposition abrégée de la philosophie de Leibniz, qui constitue la deuxième partie de l’article LEIBNIT­ZIANISME, propose en fait la traduction d’un texte latin intitulé Méditations sur la connaissance, la vérité et les idées, suivie d’une traduction de la Monadologie d’après une version latine. La confrontation des textes originaux avec la traduction française de l’article permet de confirmer que la convergence métathéorique entre la métaphysique et le matérialisme est étroitement liée à la traduction et à l’interprétation de Leibniz effectuées par Diderot pour l’Encyclopédie.Diderot translator of Leibniz. Diderot, who is particularly known as a translator from the English, can be seen as a great translator of philosophy, as the Encyclopédie article LEIBNIZIANISM shows. The present reading of this article emphasizes the metatheoretical agreement between Diderot and Leibniz ; more precisely their theoretical differences mask less a confused influence than a methodological and conceptual similarity. In addition, the article’s eclecticism is, we believe, underscored by textual references to Leibniz’s works. The abridged exposition of Leibniz’s philosophy in the second half of the article LEIBNIZIANISM is in fact a translation of a Latin work called Meditations on Knowledge, Truth and Tdeas, followed by a translation of a Latin version of the Monadology. A comparison of this translation with the original texts confirms that the metatheoretical convergence between metaphysics and materialism is closely linked to Diderot’s Encyclopédie translation and interpretation of Leibniz

Addressing Disparity: What Aspects of African American Culture Contribute to an Increased Risk for Sudden Unexpected Infant Death (SUID)?

poster abstractIntroduction: African American infants in the United States were 2.4 times more likely to die in the first year of life than white infants. In Indiana, the 2013 overall Infant Mortality Rate was 7.2, but the rate for African Americans was 15.3. Non-breast feeding mothers, sleep positioning, sleep surface, bed sharing, and learning barriers among African American mothers suggest differences in outcomes as compared with infants born in white families. This systematic review of the literature focuses on the corollary variables between SUID and African American culture, specifically what puts African American babies at an increased risk for dying. Methods: A rigorous multi-database search was conducted using key words SUID, African American Culture. Originally we accessed 217 articles. Of these 217 articles, we found fifteen qualitative articles and 28 quantitative articles that met our inclusion criteria of being between the years 1990-2015 and had a specific link between African American culture and SUID. We will be using the System for the Unified Management, Assessment and Review of Information (SUMARI) through the Joanna Briggs Institute. Two tools, the Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument (QARI) and Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment Review Instruments (MASTARI) will carry out the validity, reliability and data extraction. Results: Preliminary themes suggest that breast-feeding, sleep positioning, and sleep surface, bed sharing, and learning barriers may contribute to the SUID disparity among African Americans. Conclusion: Further investigation may prove useful in determining what interventions could be placed in practice to decrease SUID in black infants. Health care professionals need to be aware of the disparity when developing their approach to care for African American infants and their families

Naigeon lecteur de Diderot dans le dictionnaire de Philosophie ancienne et moderne de l’Encyclopédie méthodique

En composant les trois volumes du dictionnaire de Philosophie ancienne et moderne pour l’Encyclopédie méthodique, Naigeon se réfère régulièrement aux articles de philosophie rédigés par Diderot pour l’Encyclopédie. On peut considérer qu’il y développe une lecture originale de l’œuvre diderotienne en matière d’histoire de la philosophie, tout en inscrivant celle-ci dans le nouveau contexte de l’Encyclopédie méthodique. En effet, il ne se contente pas d’augmenter le volume des matériaux utiles à la constitution d’une histoire de la philosophie, mais prend aussi la liberté d’insérer de nouveaux renvois dans le texte des articles dont Diderot était l’auteur. Cet article examine de quelle façon Naigeon recueille les « membres dispersés » de Diderot dans l’Encyclopédie en présentant sa contribution à l’histoire de la philosophie.When writing the three volumes of the Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Philosophy for the Encyclopédie méthodique, Naigeon often refers to Diderot’s philosophy articles in the Encyclopédie. In so doing, he develops an original reading of Diderot’s writings on the history of philosophy, while situating that history in the new context of the Encyclopédie méthodique. He does not merely increase the volume of materials useful for writing the history of philosophy, but also inserts new cross-references in the articles written by Diderot. This article studies how Naigeon uses Diderot’s ‘scattered limbs’ in the Encyclopédie while presenting his contribution to the history of philosophy

The male mate search: an optimal foraging issue?

5 pagesInternational audienceMale insects must find and mate females to have some descendants; male fitness therefore depends on the number of females they inseminate. Males are for this reason expected to optimize the behaviors related to mate location, orientation and copulation. Although optimization of the reproductive behavior of males has long been neglected in the literature, recent studies suggest a renewed interest for this idea. Here we discuss the parallel between male mate-finding and mating strategies in insects and optimal foraging theory (OFT), a class of models which formalize the behavior of organisms seeking and exploiting resources, generally food. We highlight the different facets of male mating systems allowing such a parallel, and claim for a unifying approach of foraging behavior. Finally, we discuss novel research perspective emerging from the application of OFT to male reproductive behavior

Utilization of microcosms to test invasion biology hypotheses

Comprendre les facteurs déterminant le succès ou l’échec des processus invasifs est un objectif majeur en biologie de l’invasion. De nombreux travaux théoriques se sont intéressés aux composantes écologiques et évolutives de ces facteurs. Cependant, les tests d’hypothèses associés à une démarche expérimentale restent rares. La plupart des résultats empiriques sont issus de l’analyse a posteriori d’invasions fortuites et ne permettent donc, au mieux, que des approches corrélatives. Dans cet article, nous discutons de la pertinence des microcosmes, i.e. des environnements simplifiés, contrôlés et reproductibles, comme alternatives aux introductions expérimentales en milieu naturel. En nous basant sur une synthèse de la littérature, nous présentons les avantages et limites des approches en microcosmes pour l'étude des invasions biologiques. Notre analyse se concentre sur les publications impliquant des populations en dynamique transitoire après un goulot d’étranglement et/ou soumises à un challenge adaptatif, deux caractéristiques clés des processus invasifs. Malgré le nombre encore réduit de telles études, leur intérêt a été montré pour explorer les influences des caractéristiques de l’aire envahie (les conditions environnementales ainsi que leur hétérogénéité spatiale ou temporelle). Dans une moindre mesure, les microcosmes ont également permis de tester l’influence des caractéristiques des populations introduites et de la communauté envahie. Cependant, ils doivent être utilisés avec précaution car ils ne permettent pas de reproduire la complexité des milieux naturels. Les expériences en microcosmes sont donc complémentaires aux études théoriques et à celles menées en populations naturelles et contribuent à renforcer la valeur prédictive de la biologie de l’invasion en liant théorie et expérimentation.Understanding the factors underlying establishment and spread of exotic species in order to predict invasion risks is a major goal in invasion biology. Many theoretical studies investigated the ecological and evolutionary components of these factors and their impact on the invasive process. Yet, hypothesis tests through experimental approaches are still scarce because of the practical and ethical difficulties associated with the introduction of exotic species in nature. Thus, most empirical results come from a posteriori analyses of fortuitous invasions, which allow correlative approaches at best and give no information about invasion failures. In this paper, we propose microcosms, i.e. reproducible controlled simplified environments, as an alternative to experimental introductions in natura. From a review of the literature, we discuss the distinctive features of microcosms to test theoretical predictions about invasion. Our analysis focuses on studies involving populations in transitory dynamics after a demographic bottleneck and/or subject to an adaptive challenge, two key characteristics of invasive processes. Despite their small number, these studies have been used successfully to explore the influences of various factors, mainly related to the introduction site characteristics (its abiotic conditions and their spatial and temporal heterogeneity), and to a lesser extent to the introduced individuals themselves (propagule pressure, genetic diversity and adaptations in the introduced population) or the invaded community. We argue that microcosms, as model systems, can be powerful tools to test theoretical hypotheses. They must however be used with care, as they do not account for the same complexity as natural systems. They are thus complementary to theoretical studies and field surveys, and contribute to reinforce the predictive value of invasion biology by linking theory and experimentation

Insects and incest: sib-mating tolerance in natural populations of a parasitoid wasp

International audienc

Biological invasions in agricultural settings: insights from evolutionary biology and population genetics

Invasion biology and agriculture are intimately related for several reasons and in particular because many agricultural pest species are recent invaders. In this article we suggest that the reconstruction of invasion routes with population genetics-based methods can address fundamental questions in ecology and practical aspects of the management of biological invasions in agricultural settings. We provide a brief description of the methods used to reconstruct invasion routes and describe their main characteristics. In particular, we focus on a scenario - the bridgehead invasion scenario -, which had been overlooked until recently. We show that this scenario, in which an invasive population is the source of other invasive populations, is evolutionarily parsimonious and may have played a crucial role in shaping the distribution of many recent agricultural pests

Underutilized resources for studying the evolution of invasive species during their introduction, establishment, and lag phases

The early phases of biological invasions are poorly understood. In particular, during the introduction, establishment, and possible lag phases, it is unclear to what extent evolution must take place for an introduced species to transition from established to expanding. In this study, we highlight three disparate data sources that can provide insights into evolutionary processes associated with invasion success: biological control organisms, horticultural introductions, and natural history collections. All three data sources potentially provide introduction dates, information about source populations, and genetic and morphological samples at different time points along the invasion trajectory that can be used to investigate preadaptation and evolution during the invasion process, including immediately after introduction and before invasive expansion. For all three data sources, we explore where the data are held, their quality, and their accessibility. We argue that these sources could find widespread use with a few additional pieces of data, such as voucher specimens collected at certain critical time points during biocontrol agent quarantine, rearing, and release and also for horticultural imports, neither of which are currently done consistently. In addition, public access to collected information must become available on centralized databases to increase its utility in ecological and evolutionary research