107 research outputs found
Evolution of hydrothermal regime along a crustal shear zone, Tinos island, Greece
International audienceStructural, cathodoluminescence and SIMS Ύ18O analyses of quartz-calcite veins are combined to constrain the evolution in space and time of fluid infiltration in an exhuming detachment shear zone (Tinos Island, Cyclades, Greece). Careful description of vein arrays shows that the plumbing system evolved into an interconnected network just beneath the ductile-to-brittle transition. Micro-textures of quartz and calcite infilling veins display deformed relics and newly precipitated grains. High-resolution Ύ18O mapping in relics yield a steady quartz-calcite fractionation of 2 Ⱐat ~400 °C, whereas fractionation increases in neo-grains from 2 to 5 Ⱐin 190 m toward the fault, or a ~150 °C temperature fall. Cooling is associated with a shift of fluid stable isotope signature from 15 Ⱐto 0 Ⱐbeneath the detachment. Results are interpreted as advective removal of heat by massive infiltration of surface-derived fluids over depths of 10-15 km. Fluid penetration was promoted by the coalescence of late ductile-early brittle veins, as the exhuming footwall crossed the ductile-brittle transition. Only small amounts of fluids penetrated the ductile crust beneath the transitional rheology
Basaltic calderas: Collapse dynamics, edifice deformation, and variations of magma withdrawal
International audienceThe incremental caldera collapses of Fernandina (1968), Miyakejima (2000), and Piton de la Fournaise (2007) are analyzed in order to understand the collapse dynamics in basaltic setting and the associated edifice deformation. For each caldera, the collapse dynamics is assessed through the evolution of the (1) time interval T between two successive collapse increments, (2) amount of vertical displacement during each collapse increment, and (3) magma outflow rate during the whole collapse caldera process. We show from the evolution of T that Piton de la Fournaise and Fernandina were characterized by a similar collapse dynamics, despite large differences in the caldera geometry and the duration of the whole collapse caldera process. This evolution significantly differs from that of Miyakejima where T strongly fluctuated throughout the whole collapse process. Quantification of the piston vertical displacements enables us to determine the magma outflow rates between each collapse increment. Displacement data (tiltmeter and/or GPS) for Piton de la Fournaise and Miyakejima are used to constrain the edifice overall deformation and the edifice deformation rates. These data reveal that both volcanoes experienced edifice inflation once the piston collapsed into the magma chamber. Such a deformation, which lasts during the first collapse increments only, is interpreted as the result of larger volume of piston intruded in the magma chamber than magma withdrawn before each collapse increment. Once the effect of the collapsing rock column vanishes, edifice deflates. We also determine for each caldera the critical amount of magma evacuated before collapse initiation and compare it to analog models. The significant differences between models and nature are explained by the occurrence of preexisting weak zones in nature, i.e., the ring faults, that are not taken into account in analog models. Finally, we show that T at Piton de la Fournaise and Fernandina was equally controlled by the frictional resistance along the ring faults and the magma outflow rate. In addition to these two parameters, the collapse dynamics of Miyakejima was also influenced by variations of the magma bulk modulus, which changed after the influx of deep gas-rich magma into the collapse-related magma chamber. Altogether, our results show that the dynamics of caldera collapse in basaltic volcanoes proceeds in two phases: Phase 1, starting with the first collapse, is characterized by the largest collapse amplitude, an incremental edifice inflation, and a step-by-step increase of the rate of magma outflow. Phase 2 shows a rapid decrease of the magma discharge rate to a low level concomitant with the continuous edifice deflation. If deep magma is injected into the magma chamber, as at Miyakejima, an additional phase occurs (phase 3)
Large-scale sliding induced by sill intrusions at RĂ©union Island: insights from numerical modeling
International audienceRecent structural analysis of outcrops at Piton des Neiges, the eroded shield volcano of La RĂ©union Island, show that co-and/or post-intrusive sliding occurs at sills, located at deep level, along a detachment. We performed a 2D numerical study to quantify the perturbation induced by sill injection within a volcanic edifice. Magma is considered as an inviscid and pressurized fluid injected in an initially stable edifice under gravity-controlled extension. Displacements along the detachment are controlled by a friction law. We show that sill injection always induces tangential displacements. This effect is strongly increased when sills are emplaced along a detachment rather than in an homegeneous edifice. In this case, the magma injection produces extension behind the intrusion and potentially ends up in a large-scale flank collapse. Sill injections can thus explain the co-intrusive shear deformation observed at Piton des Neiges and the tangential displacements measured at Piton de la Fournaise during the 2007 eruption
Large-scale sliding induced by sill intrusions at RĂ©union Island: insights from numerical modeling
International audienceRecent structural analysis of outcrops at Piton des Neiges, the eroded shield volcano of La RĂ©union Island, show that co-and/or post-intrusive sliding occurs at sills, located at deep level, along a detachment. We performed a 2D numerical study to quantify the perturbation induced by sill injection within a volcanic edifice. Magma is considered as an inviscid and pressurized fluid injected in an initially stable edifice under gravity-controlled extension. Displacements along the detachment are controlled by a friction law. We show that sill injection always induces tangential displacements. This effect is strongly increased when sills are emplaced along a detachment rather than in an homegeneous edifice. In this case, the magma injection produces extension behind the intrusion and potentially ends up in a large-scale flank collapse. Sill injections can thus explain the co-intrusive shear deformation observed at Piton des Neiges and the tangential displacements measured at Piton de la Fournaise during the 2007 eruption
Long-term evolution of an accretionary prism: The case study of the Shimanto Belt, Kyushu, Japan
International audienceThe Shimanto Belt in SW Japan is commonly described as a paleo-accretionary prism, whose structure is explained by continuous accretion like in modern accretionary prisms such as Nankai. We carried out a structural study of the Cretaceous to Miocene part of the Shimanto Belt on Kyushu to test this hypothesis of continuous accretion. Most deformation structures observed on the field are top-to-the-SE thrusts, fitting well the scheme of accretionary wedge growth by frontal accretion or underplating. In particular, the tectonic mélange at the top of the Hyuga Group records a penetrative deformation reflecting burial within the subduction channel. In contrast, we documented two stages of extension that require modifying the traditional model of the Belt as a "simple" giant accretionary wedge. The first one, in the early Middle Eocene, is mostly ductile and localized in the foliated bases of the Morotsuka and Kitagawa Groups. The second one, postdating the Middle Miocene, is a brittle deformation spread over the whole belt on Kyushu. Integrating these new tectonic features to existing data, we propose 2-D reconstructions of the belt evolution, leading to the following conclusions: (1) Erosion and extension of the margin in the early Middle Eocene resulted from the subduction of a trench-parallel ridge. (2) The Late Eocene to Early Miocene evolution is characterized by rapid growth of the prism, followed by a Middle Miocene stage where large displacements occurred along low-angle out-of-sequence thrusts such as the Nobeoka Tectonic Line. (3) From middle Miocene, the strain regime was extensional
Special issue <i>Comptes-Rendus Geoscience</i>: The Mayotte seismo-volcanic crisis of 2018â2021 in the eastern Comoros archipelago (Mozambique channel)
Fluid circulation in the depths of accretionary prisms: an example of the Shimanto Belt, Kyushu, Japan
International audienceAccretionary prisms constitute ideal targets to study fluid circulation and fluid-rock interactions at depths beyond the reach of active margin deep drilling. The highest-grade rocks from the Shimanto Belt on Kyushu were buried under 3-5 kbars at ~ 300°C (Toriumi and Teruya, 1988). They contain abundant quartz veins, formed throughout burial and exhumation and variably affected by brittle and ductile deformation.Cathodoluminescence (CL) reveals the existence of two distinct types of quartz, characterized by a blue and brown color, respectively. CL-blue quartz fills macro-veins (width â„ 10ÎŒm), while CL-brown quartz is present in micro-veins (width ~ 1 â 10ÎŒm) and ductilely recrystallized domains. On the basis of microstructures, the fluids associated with the CL-blue and CL-brown quartz are interpreted as âexternalâ and âlocalâ, respectively. Quartz growth rims of alternating CL colors as well as mutually cross-cutting veins show that the two fluids cyclically wetted the host rock.From fluid inclusions analysis, the fluid associated with CL-blue quartz has a salinity similar to seawater, while the fluid associated with CL-brown quartz is less saline. In addition, CL-blue quartz is richer in aluminum than the CL-brown one. In contrast to the salinity/aluminum signature, the ÎŽ18O isotopic signature of both quartz types is similar and buffered by host rock. The difference between the preservation of the salinity signature of the fluid and the loss of its ÎŽ18O signature is explained by quicker exchange kinetics and larger host rock buffering capacity for isotopic reequilibration.The âlocalâ fluid, associated with CL-brown quartz, reflects the dilution of pore water by the pure water produced by prograde dehydration reactions of clay minerals. The âexternalâ fluid associated with CL-blue quartz is interpreted as seawater or pore water from shallow (depth<1-2 km below seafloor) sediments. We propose that downward percolation of shallow water to depths ~ 10km is a transient process associated with mega-earthquakes
Sheared sheet intrusions as mechanism for lateral flank displacement on basaltic volcanoes: Applications to RĂ©union Island volcanoes
International audienceField work carried out on the Piton des Neiges volcano (RĂ©union Island) suggests that the injection of magma along detachments could trigger flank failure by conjugate opening and shear displacement. We use 3-D numerical models to compare the ability of purely opened sheet intrusions, sheared sheet intrusions, and normal faults to induce flank displacement on basaltic volcanoes. We assume that shear stress change on fractures results from stress anisotropy of the host rock under gravity. Exploring a large range of stress anisotropies, fracture dips, and fracture depth over length ratios, we determine that the amount of shear displacement is independent of the proximity to the ground surface. Sheared sheet intrusions are the most efficient slip medium on volcanoes. Consequently, the largest flank displacement is induced by the longest, deepest sheared intrusion dipping closest to 45° in a host rock with the highest stress anisotropy. Using our model in a forward way, we provide shear and normal displacements for buried fractures. Applying the model to a pile of sills at the Piton des Neiges volcano, we determine that the mean shear displacement caused by each intrusion was 3.7âm, leading to a total of a 180â260âm of lateral displacement for the 50âm high pile of sills. Using our model in an inverse way, we formulate a decision tree to determine some fracture characteristics and the host rock stress anisotropy from ratios of maximum surface displacements. This procedure provides a priori models, which can be used to bound the parameter space before it is explored through a formal inversion. Applying the decision tree to the 1.4âm coeruptive flank displacement recorded at Piton de la Fournaise in 2007, we find that it probably originated from a shallow eastward dipping subhorizontal normal fault
Multi-technique geochronology of intrusive and explosive activity on Piton des Neiges Volcano, RĂ©union Island
MD was supported by the AuScope NCRIS2 program, Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery funding scheme (DP160102427) and Curtin Research Fellowship. CP was supported by the company Austral Energy and by the ANRT CIFRE program (agreement n°2017/1175).The construction of ocean island basaltic volcanoes consists of a succession of eruptions, intrusions, and metamorphism. These events are often temporally ill-constrained because the most widely used radiometric dating methods applicable to mafic volcanic rocks (K-Ar or 40Ar/39Ar on whole rock or groundmass) are prone to inaccuracy when applied to slowly-cooled, altered, or vesicular and aphyric products. Here we adopt a multi-technique geochronology approach (including zircon U-Pb, phlogopite 40Ar/39Ar, zircon and apatite (U-Th)/He, and zircon double-dating) to demonstrate its efficacy when applied to basaltic volcanoes. Taking the main volcano of Réunion Island (Piton des Neiges) as a case study, we establish the time of the major plutonic, metamorphic, and explosive events that had resisted previous dating attempts. We document four stages of pluton emplacement and metamorphism at 2200 - 2000 ka, 1414 ± 8 ka, 665 ± 78 ka, and 150 - 110 ka, all coinciding with volcanism revival after quiescent intervals. We also date a major Plinian eruption at 188.2 ± 10.4 ka, coeval with the formation age of a large caldera, and, finally, we constrain the last eruption of Piton des Neiges to 27 ka, revising a previous estimate of 12 ka. By resolving several conundrums of Réunion's geological history, our multi-technique geochronology approach reveals that endogenous growth of a volcanic island proceeds as pulses at the beginning of renewed volcanism. We also demonstrate that cross-checking eruptions ages by diversified dating techniques is important to better assess the timing and recurrence of basaltic volcanic activity, with implications for hazard prediction.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Stress rotations and the long-term weakness of the Median Tectonic Line and the Rokko-Awaji Segment
International audienceWe used a field analysis of rock deformation microstructures and mesostructures to reconstructthe long-term orientation of stresses around two major active fault systems in Japan, the Median TectonicLine and the Rokko-Awaji Segment. Our study reveals that the dextral slip of the two fault systems, activesince the Plio-Quaternary, was preceded by fault normal extension in the Miocene and sinistral wrenching inthe Paleogene. The two fault systems deviated the regional stress field at the kilometer scale in their vicinityduring each of the three tectonic regimes. The largest deviation, found in the Plio-Quaternary, is a more faultnormal rotation of the maximum horizontal stress to an angle of 79° with the fault strands, suggesting anextremely low shear stress on the Median Tectonic Line and the Rokko-Awaji Segment. Possible causes of thislong-term stress perturbation include a nearly total release of shear stress during earthquakes, a low staticfriction coefficient, or lowelastic properties of the fault zones comparedwith the country rock. Independently ofthe preferred interpretation, the nearly fault normal orientation of the direction of maximum compressionsuggests that the mechanical properties of the fault zones are inadequate for the buildup of a pore fluidpressure sufficiently elevated to activate slip. The long-term weakness of the Median Tectonic Line and theRokko-Awaji Segment may reside in low-friction/low-elasticity materials or dynamic weakening rather than inpreearthquake fluid overpressures
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