10 research outputs found
Ariel - Volume 12 Number 2
Executive Editors
David G. Polin
Larry H. Pastor
Business Manager
Alex Macones
Jean Lien
Editorial Page Editor
Deepak Kapoor
Sports Editor
Todd Hoover
Photography Editors
Lois Leach
Ken Yonemur
The retail value of the illicit drug market in Italy: a consumption-based approach
This study estimates the retail value of the illicit drug market in Italy from a
consumption-based approach. The illicit drugs considered in this analysis are heroin,
cocaine, cannabis (herbal and resin), amphetamines and ecstasy. Results show that the
value of the illicit drug market in Italy is much less than previously estimated and
quantified at \u20ac 3.3 bn. Heroin and cocaine retain the biggest markets in terms of
revenues, while cannabis is the most-consumed illicit drug. Synthetic illicit drugs
account for roughly 10% of the illicit drug market. Conclusions offer some suggestions
as to how uncertainties about estimates of the illicit drug market can be reduced
Inborn errors of OAS–RNase L in SARS-CoV-2–related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children
International audienceMultisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare and severe condition that follows benign COVID-19. We report autosomal recessive deficiencies of OAS1 , OAS2 , or RNASEL in five unrelated children with MIS-C. The cytosolic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)–sensing OAS1 and OAS2 generate 2′-5′-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A) that activate the single-stranded RNA–degrading ribonuclease L (RNase L). Monocytic cell lines and primary myeloid cells with OAS1, OAS2, or RNase L deficiencies produce excessive amounts of inflammatory cytokines upon dsRNA or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) stimulation. Exogenous 2-5A suppresses cytokine production in OAS1-deficient but not RNase L–deficient cells. Cytokine production in RNase L–deficient cells is impaired by MDA5 or RIG-I deficiency and abolished by mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) deficiency. Recessive OAS–RNase L deficiencies in these patients unleash the production of SARS-CoV-2–triggered, MAVS-mediated inflammatory cytokines by mononuclear phagocytes, thereby underlying MIS-C