541 research outputs found
The SURE-LET Approach to Image Denoising
We propose a new approach to image denoising, based on the image-domain minimization of an estimate of the mean squared errorâStein's unbiased risk estimate (SURE). Unlike most existing denoising algorithms, using the SURE makes it needless to hypothesize a statistical model for the noiseless image. A key point of our approach is that, although the (nonlinear) processing is performed in a transformed domainâtypically, an undecimated discrete wavelet transform, but we also address nonorthonormal transformsâthis minimization is performed in the image domain. Indeed, we demonstrate that, when the transform is a âtightâ frame (an undecimated wavelet transform using orthonormal filters), separate subband minimization yields substantially worse results. In order for our approach to be viable, we add another principle, that the denoising process can be expressed as a linear combination of elementary denoising processesâlinear expansion of thresholds (LET). Armed with the SURE and LET principles, we show that a denoising algorithm merely amounts to solving a linear system of equations which is obviously fast and efficient. Quite remarkably, the very competitive results obtained by performing a simple threshold (image-domain SURE optimized) on the undecimated Haar wavelet coefficients show that the SURE-LET principle has a huge potential
Trajectory Analysis for Sport and Video Surveillance
In video surveillance and sports analysis applications, object trajectories offer the possibility of extracting rich information on the underlying behavior of the moving targets. To this end we introduce an extension of Point Distribution Models (PDM) to analyze the object motion in their spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal dimensions. These trajectory models represent object paths as an average trajectory and a set of deformation modes, in the spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal domains. Thus any given motion can be expressed in terms of its modes, which in turn can be ascribed to a particular behavior. The proposed analysis tool has been tested on motion data extracted from a vision system that was tracking radio-guided cars running inside a circuit. This affords an easier interpretation of results, because the shortest lap provides a reference behavior. Besides showing an actual analysis we discuss how to normalize trajectories to have a meaningful analysis
A New SURE Approach to Image Denoising: Interscale Orthonormal Wavelet Thresholding
This paper introduces a new approach to orthonormal wavelet image denoising. Instead of postulating a statistical model for the wavelet coefficients, we directly parametrize the denoising process as a sum of elementary nonlinear processes with unknown weights. We then minimize an estimate of the mean square error between the clean image and the denoised one. The key point is that we have at our disposal a very accurate, statistically unbiased, MSE estimateâStein's unbiased risk estimateâthat depends on the noisy image alone, not on the clean one. Like the MSE, this estimate is quadratic in the unknown weights, and its minimization amounts to solving a linear system of equations. The existence of this a priori estimate makes it unnecessary to devise a specific statistical model for the wavelet coefficients. Instead, and contrary to the custom in the literature, these coefficients are not considered random anymore. We describe an interscale orthonormal wavelet thresholding algorithm based on this new approach and show its near-optimal performanceâboth regarding quality and CPU requirementâby comparing with the results of three state-of-the-art nonredundant denoising algorithms on a large set of test images. An interesting fallout of this study is the development of a new, group-delay-based, parent-child prediction in a wavelet dyadic tree
Image Denoising in Mixed Poisson-Gaussian Noise
We propose a general methodology (PURE-LET) to design and optimize a wide class of transform-domain thresholding algorithms for denoising images corrupted by mixed Poisson-Gaussian noise. We express the denoising process as a linear expansion of thresholds (LET) that we optimize by relying on a purely data-adaptive unbiased estimate of the mean-squared error (MSE), derived in a non-Bayesian framework (PURE: Poisson-Gaussian unbiased risk estimate). We provide a practical approximation of this theoretical MSE estimate for the tractable optimization of arbitrary transform-domain thresholding. We then propose a pointwise estimator for undecimated filterbank transforms, which consists of subband-adaptive thresholding functions with signal-dependent thresholds that are globally optimized in the image domain. We finally demonstrate the potential of the proposed approach through extensive comparisons with state-of-the-art techniques that are specifically tailored to the estimation of Poisson intensities. We also present denoising results obtained on real images of low-count fluorescence microscopy
SURE-LET for Orthonormal Wavelet-Domain Video Denoising
We propose an efficient orthonormal wavelet-domain video denoising algorithm based on an appropriate integration of motion compensation into an adapted version of our recently devised Stein's unbiased risk estimator-linear expansion of thresholds (SURE-LET) approach. To take full advantage of the strong spatio-temporal correlations of neighboring frames, a global motion compensation followed by a selective block-matching is first applied to adjacent frames, which increases their temporal correlations without distorting the interframe noise statistics. Then, a multiframe interscale wavelet thresholding is performed to denoise the current central frame. The simulations we made on standard grayscale video sequences for various noise levels demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed solution in reducing additive white Gaussian noise. Obtained at a lighter computational load, our results are even competitive with most state-of-the-art redundant wavelet-based techniques. By using a cycle-spinning strategy, our algorithm is in fact able to outperform these methods
Fast Interscale Wavelet Denoising of Poisson-Corrupted Images
We present a fast algorithm for image restoration in the presence of Poisson noise. Our approach is based on (1) the minimization of an unbiased estimate of the MSE for Poisson noise, (2) a linear parametrization of the denoising process and (3) the preservation of Poisson statistics across scales within the Haar DWT. The minimization of the MSE estimate is performed independently in each wavelet subband, but this is equivalent to a global image-domain MSE minimization, thanks to the orthogonality of Haar wavelets. This is an important difference with standard Poisson noise-removal methods, in particular those that rely on a non-linear preprocessing of the data to stabilize the variance. Our non-redundant interscale wavelet thresholding outperforms standard variance-stabilizing schemes, even when the latter are applied in a translation-invariant setting (cycle-spinning). It also achieves a quality similar to a state-of-the-art multiscale method that was specially developed for Poisson data. Considering that the computational complexity of our method is orders of magnitude lower, it is a very competitive alternative. The proposed approach is particularly promising in the context of low signal intensities and/or large data sets. This is illustrated experimentally with the denoising of low-count fluorescence micrographs of a biological sample
Improving Blind Spot Denoising for Microscopy
Many microscopy applications are limited by the total amount of usable light
and are consequently challenged by the resulting levels of noise in the
acquired images. This problem is often addressed via (supervised) deep learning
based denoising. Recently, by making assumptions about the noise statistics,
self-supervised methods have emerged. Such methods are trained directly on the
images that are to be denoised and do not require additional paired training
data. While achieving remarkable results, self-supervised methods can produce
high-frequency artifacts and achieve inferior results compared to supervised
approaches. Here we present a novel way to improve the quality of
self-supervised denoising. Considering that light microscopy images are usually
diffraction-limited, we propose to include this knowledge in the denoising
process. We assume the clean image to be the result of a convolution with a
point spread function (PSF) and explicitly include this operation at the end of
our neural network. As a consequence, we are able to eliminate high-frequency
artifacts and achieve self-supervised results that are very close to the ones
achieved with traditional supervised methods.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figure
Theory and simulation of quantum photovoltaic devices based on the non-equilibrium Green's function formalism
This article reviews the application of the non-equilibrium Green's function
formalism to the simulation of novel photovoltaic devices utilizing quantum
confinement effects in low dimensional absorber structures. It covers
well-known aspects of the fundamental NEGF theory for a system of interacting
electrons, photons and phonons with relevance for the simulation of
optoelectronic devices and introduces at the same time new approaches to the
theoretical description of the elementary processes of photovoltaic device
operation, such as photogeneration via coherent excitonic absorption,
phonon-mediated indirect optical transitions or non-radiative recombination via
defect states. While the description of the theoretical framework is kept as
general as possible, two specific prototypical quantum photovoltaic devices, a
single quantum well photodiode and a silicon-oxide based superlattice absorber,
are used to illustrated the kind of unique insight that numerical simulations
based on the theory are able to provide.Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures; invited review pape
On Landauer vs. Boltzmann and Full Band vs. Effective Mass Evaluation of Thermoelectric Transport Coefficients
The Landauer approach to diffusive transport is mathematically related to the
solution of the Boltzmann transport equation, and expressions for the
thermoelectric parameters in both formalisms are presented. Quantum mechanical
and semiclassical techniques to obtain from a full description of the
bandstructure, E(k), the number of conducting channels in the Landauer approach
or the transport distribution in the Boltzmann solution are developed and
compared. Thermoelectric transport coefficients are evaluated from an atomistic
level, full band description of a crystal. Several example calculations for
representative bulk materials are presented, and the full band results are
related to the more common effective mass formalism. Finally, given a full E(k)
for a crystal, a procedure to extract an accurate, effective mass level
description is presented.Comment: 33 pages, 8 figure
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