Identification of Behavioral and Metabolic Factors Predicting Adiposity Sensitivity to Both High Fat and High Carbohydrate Diets in Rats

Individuals exhibit a great variation in their body weight (BW) gain response to a high fat diet. Identification of predictive factors would enable better directed intervention toward susceptible individuals to treat obesity, and uncover potential mechanisms for treatment targeting. We set out to identify predictive behavioral and metabolic factors in an outbred rat model. 12 rats were analyzed in metabolic cages for a period of 5 days during both high carbohydrate diet (HCD), and transition to a high fat diet (HFD). After a recovery period, rats were given a HFD for 6 days to identify those resistant or sensitive to it according to BW gain. Rats were dissected at the end of the study to analyze body composition. This showed that small differences in final BW hid large variations in adiposity, allowing separation of rats into a second classification (final adiposity). Since these rats had been fed a HCD during most of their life, under which most of the adiposity presumably evolved, we considered this carbohydrate-sensitivity or -resistance. Meal size and meal number were found to be good predictors of sensitivity to a HFD, intensity of motor activity and ingestion speed good predictors of sensitivity to a HCD. Rats that were sensitive to the HCD could be resistant to the HFD and vice versa. This points to four types of individuals (carbohydrate/fat resistant/sensitive) though our sample size inhibited deeper investigation of this. This contributes to the idea that to be “obesity prone” does not necessarily need a HFD, it can also happen under a HCD, and be a hidden adiposity change with stable BW

Low protein/low methionine/high carbohydrate diets induce hyperphagia, increase energy expenditure and FGF21, but modestly affect adiposity infemale BalbC mice.

International audienceTitle: Low protein/low methionine/high carbohydrate diets induce hyperphagia, increase energy expenditure and FGF21, but modestly affect adiposity in female BalbC mice ABSTRACT PREVIEW Author(s)ObjectivesLow-protein diets are reported to induce hyperphagia in an effort to fulfil protein needsbut at the expense of energy balance with a risk to gain in adiposity. However, differentstudies conducted on low-protein diets in animal and human did not confirm weight andbody fat gain because an increased energy expenditure compensated more or lesscompletely for the increase in energy intake and prevents the gain in adiposity. Thepresent study evaluated in mice the consequence of protein restricted diets combined withprotein quality (milk protein versus soy protein with slight methionine deficiency) onenergy intake, energy expenditure and adiposity and the role of FGF21 in the response tothese protein restricted dietsMethodsThe present study investigated in female BalbC mice the behavioral, metabolic andphenotypic responses to 8 weeks feeding a very low (3%), moderately low (6%) or adequate(20%) dietary protein content and whether methionine scarcity in the dietary protein (Soyprotein vs casein) affected these responses. Food intake, body weigh, adiposity (assessedby DEXA), were measured throughout the study and body composition determined bydissection at the end of the study. Plasma, liver, muscle, adipose tissue and hypothalamussamples were collected for nutrient, hormones and/or gene expression measurements.The different mice groups : P20C 20% casein, P20S 20% soy protein, P6C 6% casein, P6S 6%soy protein, P6S-Cor 6% soy protein corrected for methionine, P3C 3% caseinResultsIn female adult BalbC mice, a decrease in dietary casein from 20% to 6% and 3% increasedenergy intake and slightly increased adiposity, and this response was exacerbated with soyproteins with low methionine content compared to milk protein (figure 1). Lean body masswas reduced in 3% casein fed mice but preserved in all 6% fed mice. The effect on fat masswas however limited because total energy expenditure (TEE) increased to the same extentas energy intake (figure 2). In plasma, when protein was decreased, IGF-1 decreased, FGF21increased and plasma FGF21 was best described by using a combination of dietary proteinlevel, protein to carbohydrate ratio and protein to methionine ratio in the diet (figure 3). Insulinresponse to an oral glucose tolerance test was reduced in soy fed mice and in low-proteinfed mice. Low-protein diets did not affect Ucp1 but increased Fgf21 in brown adiposetissue and increased Fgf21, Fas, and Cd36 in the liver. In the hypothalamus, Npy wasincreased and Pomc was decreased only in 3% casein fed mice.Conclusions In conclusion, reducing dietary protein and protein quality increases energy intake but alsoenergy expenditure resulting in an only slight increase in adiposity. In this process FGF21 isprobably an important signal that responds to a complex combination of proteinrestriction, protein quality and carbohydrate content of the diet

Global Regulatory Functions of the Staphylococcus aureus Endoribonuclease III in Gene Expression

RNA turnover plays an important role in both virulence and adaptation to stress in the Gram-positive human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. However, the molecular players and mechanisms involved in these processes are poorly understood. Here, we explored the functions of S. aureus endoribonuclease III (RNase III), a member of the ubiquitous family of double-strand-specific endoribonucleases. To define genomic transcripts that are bound and processed by RNase III, we performed deep sequencing on cDNA libraries generated from RNAs that were co-immunoprecipitated with wild-type RNase III or two different cleavage-defective mutant variants in vivo. Several newly identified RNase III targets were validated by independent experimental methods. We identified various classes of structured RNAs as RNase III substrates and demonstrated that this enzyme is involved in the maturation of rRNAs and tRNAs, regulates the turnover of mRNAs and non-coding RNAs, and autoregulates its synthesis by cleaving within the coding region of its own mRNA. Moreover, we identified a positive effect of RNase III on protein synthesis based on novel mechanisms. RNase III–mediated cleavage in the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) enhanced the stability and translation of cspA mRNA, which encodes the major cold-shock protein. Furthermore, RNase III cleaved overlapping 5′UTRs of divergently transcribed genes to generate leaderless mRNAs, which constitutes a novel way to co-regulate neighboring genes. In agreement with recent findings, low abundance antisense RNAs covering 44% of the annotated genes were captured by co-immunoprecipitation with RNase III mutant proteins. Thus, in addition to gene regulation, RNase III is associated with RNA quality control of pervasive transcription. Overall, this study illustrates the complexity of post-transcriptional regulation mediated by RNase III

Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the ‘‘Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

Altimetry for the future: building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the “Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Vibrations d'une membrane smectique : rôle de la forme du contour

Membres du jury : Eric Akkermans, Peter Buser, Yves Couder, Patrick Oswald, Pawel Pieranski et Bernard SapovalDue to some specific properties (uniformity of thickness, bidimensional density and tension), liquid crystal films in smectic phase constitute ideal membranes which obey the Helmholtz wave equation, with Dirichlet boundary condition. In this PhD thesis, a new experiment has been developed which allows, for a film spanned on a given shape, to measure, not only its spectrum of eigenfrequencies, but also the geometrical shape of the eigenmodes. It has indeed been possible to analyse the role of the membrane shape. First, a "prefractal" shape has been studied. This shape is made of a quadratic Koch curve, which building has been stopped at a finite iteration order. The agreement between the experimental results and some numerical ones (obtained by other authors) is excellent. Two physically different mechanisms of localization for the wavefunctions have been pointed out. A mathematical problem has also been studied, which can be expressed by "Can one hear the shape of a drum?". The mathematically predicted answer is "no", which means that there exist geometrically different shapes, which lead to the same spectrum of eigenfrequencies : these shapes are named "isospectral". The isospectrality of two such shapes has been checked experimentally with a good precision. It has also been shown in a detailed manner that only the symmetry rules for building the shapes, based on the group theory, matter.Grâce à leurs propriétés spécifiques (homogénéité de l'épaisseur, de la densité bidimensionnelle et de la tension), les films de cristaux liquides smectiques forment des membranes bidimensionnelles idéales obéissant à l'équation d'onde de Helmholtz, avec les conditions de Dirichlet au bord. Dans cette thèse, une nouvelle expérience a été mise au point, qui permet, pour un film tendu sur un contour donné, de mesurer non seulement son spectre de fréquences propres, mais aussi la forme géométrique des modes. Le rôle de la forme de la membrane a ainsi pu être analysé. On a commencé par étudier une forme "préfractale", constituée par une courbe de Koch quadratique, dont la construction a été arrêtée à un ordre d'itération fini. L'accord entre les résultats expérimentaux et des résultats numériques obtenus par d'autres auteurs, tant sur le spectre que sur l'allure des modes propres, est excellent. Deux mécanismes de localisation des fonctions d'onde, d'origines physiques différentes, ont été mis en évidence. L'autre question étudiée est un problème mathématique que l'on peut résumer par : "Peut-on entendre la forme d'un tambour?" La réponse prévue par les mathématiciens est "non", c'est-à-dire qu'il existe des formes géométriques différentes, conduisant à des spectres de fréquences propres identiques ; ces formes sont appelées "isospectrales". On a ainsi vérifié expérimentalement l'isospectralité de deux contours avec une bonne précision. On a également montré en détail que seules les symétries de construction de ces deux contours, basées sur la théorie des groupes, importaient

Mise en place d'une consultation d'acupuncture sage-femme au Centre hospitalier de Saint-Malo

Acupuncture obstétricaleL’intérêt de l’acupuncture en obstétrique se développe en France. Dans certaines régions comme à l’Est de la France, sa pratique est courante, il n’en est rien pour l’Ouest en particulier en Bretagne où j’exerce. Nous avons souhaité faire un état des lieux de la pratique de l’acupuncture dans les différentes maternités bretonnes. Par ailleurs, nous avons étudié la possibilité de mise en place d’une consultation d’acupuncture sage-femme dans une maternité de niveau 2 de l’hôpital de Saint-Malo. Nous avons fait un point sur l’attente des professionnels et l’attente des femmes enceintes. La mise en place a pu être validée par la direction et nous en détaillons l’installatio

Tumeurs trophoblastiques gestationnelles de mauvais pronostic (évaluation de l' efficacité et de la tolérance du protocole de chimiothérapie associant : actinomycine D, cisplatine, etoposide (APE))

Les tumeurs trophoblastiques gestationnelles (TTG) de mauvais pronostic nécessitent un traitement par polychimiothérapie. L actinomycine D (A), le cisplatine (P), et l étoposide (E) sont des cytotoxiques très actifs dans cette pathologie. L objectif de l étude est d évaluer l efficacité et la tolérance de leur association.Il s agit d une étude rétrospective portant sur 103 patientes traitées à l Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR) et dans d autres centres français entre 1983 et 2010 par ce protocole (APE) pour une TTG de mauvais pronostic (critères IGR et/ou score FIGO > 6) soit d emblée, soit en cas de rechute ou de chimiorésistance. Le suivi médian est de 6,6 ans.La survie globale à 5 ans est de 98%. Le taux de rémission complète est de 95%. 7% des patientes ont rechuté. 1 seule patiente est décédée de sa TTG. La toxicité est essentiellement hématologique, neurologique et auditive, avec une meilleure tolérance depuis l adaptation du protocole avec une dose de cisplatine de 75mg/m . A long terme, aucun retentissement fonctionnel majeur secondaire à la chimiothérapie n est constaté. 93% des patientes désirant une grossesse ont été enceinte.L APE est un protocole de chimiothérapie très efficace pour le traitement des TTG de mauvais pronostic et relativement bien toléré, qui n altère pas la fertilité des patientes. L index thérapeutique de l APE semble supérieur à celui de l EMA/CO (étoposide, méthotrexate, actinomycine / cyclophosphamide, vincristine) et de l EMA/EP (étoposide, méthotrexate, actinomycine / étoposide, cisplatine). Nous le recommandons pour le traitement des TTG de mauvais pronostic.PARIS6-Bibl.Pitié-Salpêtrie (751132101) / SudocSudocFranceF