132 research outputs found
Identification of Behavioral and Metabolic Factors Predicting Adiposity Sensitivity to Both High Fat and High Carbohydrate Diets in Rats
Individuals exhibit a great variation in their body weight (BW) gain response to a high fat diet. Identification of predictive factors would enable better directed intervention toward susceptible individuals to treat obesity, and uncover potential mechanisms for treatment targeting. We set out to identify predictive behavioral and metabolic factors in an outbred rat model. 12 rats were analyzed in metabolic cages for a period of 5âdays during both high carbohydrate diet (HCD), and transition to a high fat diet (HFD). After a recovery period, rats were given a HFD for 6âdays to identify those resistant or sensitive to it according to BW gain. Rats were dissected at the end of the study to analyze body composition. This showed that small differences in final BW hid large variations in adiposity, allowing separation of rats into a second classification (final adiposity). Since these rats had been fed a HCD during most of their life, under which most of the adiposity presumably evolved, we considered this carbohydrate-sensitivity or -resistance. Meal size and meal number were found to be good predictors of sensitivity to a HFD, intensity of motor activity and ingestion speed good predictors of sensitivity to a HCD. Rats that were sensitive to the HCD could be resistant to the HFD and vice versa. This points to four types of individuals (carbohydrate/fat resistant/sensitive) though our sample size inhibited deeper investigation of this. This contributes to the idea that to be âobesity proneâ does not necessarily need a HFD, it can also happen under a HCD, and be a hidden adiposity change with stable BW
Low protein/low methionine/high carbohydrate diets induce hyperphagia, increase energy expenditure and FGF21, but modestly affect adiposity infemale BalbC mice.
International audienceTitle: Low protein/low methionine/high carbohydrate diets induce hyperphagia, increase energy expenditure and FGF21, but modestly affect adiposity in female BalbC mice ABSTRACT PREVIEW Author(s)ObjectivesLow-protein diets are reported to induce hyperphagia in an effort to fulfil protein needsbut at the expense of energy balance with a risk to gain in adiposity. However, differentstudies conducted on low-protein diets in animal and human did not confirm weight andbody fat gain because an increased energy expenditure compensated more or lesscompletely for the increase in energy intake and prevents the gain in adiposity. Thepresent study evaluated in mice the consequence of protein restricted diets combined withprotein quality (milk protein versus soy protein with slight methionine deficiency) onenergy intake, energy expenditure and adiposity and the role of FGF21 in the response tothese protein restricted dietsMethodsThe present study investigated in female BalbC mice the behavioral, metabolic andphenotypic responses to 8 weeks feeding a very low (3%), moderately low (6%) or adequate(20%) dietary protein content and whether methionine scarcity in the dietary protein (Soyprotein vs casein) affected these responses. Food intake, body weigh, adiposity (assessedby DEXA), were measured throughout the study and body composition determined bydissection at the end of the study. Plasma, liver, muscle, adipose tissue and hypothalamussamples were collected for nutrient, hormones and/or gene expression measurements.The different mice groups : P20C 20% casein, P20S 20% soy protein, P6C 6% casein, P6S 6%soy protein, P6S-Cor 6% soy protein corrected for methionine, P3C 3% caseinResultsIn female adult BalbC mice, a decrease in dietary casein from 20% to 6% and 3% increasedenergy intake and slightly increased adiposity, and this response was exacerbated with soyproteins with low methionine content compared to milk protein (figure 1). Lean body masswas reduced in 3% casein fed mice but preserved in all 6% fed mice. The effect on fat masswas however limited because total energy expenditure (TEE) increased to the same extentas energy intake (figure 2). In plasma, when protein was decreased, IGF-1 decreased, FGF21increased and plasma FGF21 was best described by using a combination of dietary proteinlevel, protein to carbohydrate ratio and protein to methionine ratio in the diet (figure 3). Insulinresponse to an oral glucose tolerance test was reduced in soy fed mice and in low-proteinfed mice. Low-protein diets did not affect Ucp1 but increased Fgf21 in brown adiposetissue and increased Fgf21, Fas, and Cd36 in the liver. In the hypothalamus, Npy wasincreased and Pomc was decreased only in 3% casein fed mice.Conclusionsîą îŁIn conclusion, reducing dietary protein and protein quality increases energy intake but alsoenergy expenditure resulting in an only slight increase in adiposity. In this process FGF21 isprobably an important signal that responds to a complex combination of proteinrestriction, protein quality and carbohydrate content of the diet
U.S. Workers' Investment Decisions for Participant-Directed Defined Contribution Pension Assets
Global Regulatory Functions of the Staphylococcus aureus Endoribonuclease III in Gene Expression
RNA turnover plays an important role in both virulence and adaptation to stress in the Gram-positive human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. However, the molecular players and mechanisms involved in these processes are poorly understood. Here, we explored the functions of S. aureus endoribonuclease III (RNase III), a member of the ubiquitous family of double-strand-specific endoribonucleases. To define genomic transcripts that are bound and processed by RNase III, we performed deep sequencing on cDNA libraries generated from RNAs that were co-immunoprecipitated with wild-type RNase III or two different cleavage-defective mutant variants in vivo. Several newly identified RNase III targets were validated by independent experimental methods. We identified various classes of structured RNAs as RNase III substrates and demonstrated that this enzyme is involved in the maturation of rRNAs and tRNAs, regulates the turnover of mRNAs and non-coding RNAs, and autoregulates its synthesis by cleaving within the coding region of its own mRNA. Moreover, we identified a positive effect of RNase III on protein synthesis based on novel mechanisms. RNase IIIâmediated cleavage in the 5âČ untranslated region (5âČUTR) enhanced the stability and translation of cspA mRNA, which encodes the major cold-shock protein. Furthermore, RNase III cleaved overlapping 5âČUTRs of divergently transcribed genes to generate leaderless mRNAs, which constitutes a novel way to co-regulate neighboring genes. In agreement with recent findings, low abundance antisense RNAs covering 44% of the annotated genes were captured by co-immunoprecipitation with RNase III mutant proteins. Thus, in addition to gene regulation, RNase III is associated with RNA quality control of pervasive transcription. Overall, this study illustrates the complexity of post-transcriptional regulation mediated by RNase III
Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress
In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the ââGreenâ Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instrumentsâ development and satellite missionsâ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion
The James Webb Space Telescope Mission
Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies,
expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling
for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least .
With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000
people realized that vision as the James Webb Space Telescope. A
generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of
the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the
scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000
team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image
quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief
history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing
program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite
detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space
Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure
Altimetry for the future: building on 25 years of progress
In 2018 we celebrated 25âŻyears of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology.
The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the âGreenâ Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instrumentsâ development and satellite missionsâ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion
Vibrations d'une membrane smectique : rĂŽle de la forme du contour
Membres du jury : Eric Akkermans, Peter Buser, Yves Couder, Patrick Oswald, Pawel Pieranski et Bernard SapovalDue to some specific properties (uniformity of thickness, bidimensional density and tension), liquid crystal films in smectic phase constitute ideal membranes which obey the Helmholtz wave equation, with Dirichlet boundary condition. In this PhD thesis, a new experiment has been developed which allows, for a film spanned on a given shape, to measure, not only its spectrum of eigenfrequencies, but also the geometrical shape of the eigenmodes. It has indeed been possible to analyse the role of the membrane shape. First, a "prefractal" shape has been studied. This shape is made of a quadratic Koch curve, which building has been stopped at a finite iteration order. The agreement between the experimental results and some numerical ones (obtained by other authors) is excellent. Two physically different mechanisms of localization for the wavefunctions have been pointed out. A mathematical problem has also been studied, which can be expressed by "Can one hear the shape of a drum?". The mathematically predicted answer is "no", which means that there exist geometrically different shapes, which lead to the same spectrum of eigenfrequencies : these shapes are named "isospectral". The isospectrality of two such shapes has been checked experimentally with a good precision. It has also been shown in a detailed manner that only the symmetry rules for building the shapes, based on the group theory, matter.GrĂące Ă leurs propriĂ©tĂ©s spĂ©cifiques (homogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© de l'Ă©paisseur, de la densitĂ© bidimensionnelle et de la tension), les films de cristaux liquides smectiques forment des membranes bidimensionnelles idĂ©ales obĂ©issant Ă l'Ă©quation d'onde de Helmholtz, avec les conditions de Dirichlet au bord. Dans cette thĂšse, une nouvelle expĂ©rience a Ă©tĂ© mise au point, qui permet, pour un film tendu sur un contour donnĂ©, de mesurer non seulement son spectre de frĂ©quences propres, mais aussi la forme gĂ©omĂ©trique des modes. Le rĂŽle de la forme de la membrane a ainsi pu ĂȘtre analysĂ©. On a commencĂ© par Ă©tudier une forme "prĂ©fractale", constituĂ©e par une courbe de Koch quadratique, dont la construction a Ă©tĂ© arrĂȘtĂ©e Ă un ordre d'itĂ©ration fini. L'accord entre les rĂ©sultats expĂ©rimentaux et des rĂ©sultats numĂ©riques obtenus par d'autres auteurs, tant sur le spectre que sur l'allure des modes propres, est excellent. Deux mĂ©canismes de localisation des fonctions d'onde, d'origines physiques diffĂ©rentes, ont Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence. L'autre question Ă©tudiĂ©e est un problĂšme mathĂ©matique que l'on peut rĂ©sumer par : "Peut-on entendre la forme d'un tambour?" La rĂ©ponse prĂ©vue par les mathĂ©maticiens est "non", c'est-Ă -dire qu'il existe des formes gĂ©omĂ©triques diffĂ©rentes, conduisant Ă des spectres de frĂ©quences propres identiques ; ces formes sont appelĂ©es "isospectrales". On a ainsi vĂ©rifiĂ© expĂ©rimentalement l'isospectralitĂ© de deux contours avec une bonne prĂ©cision. On a Ă©galement montrĂ© en dĂ©tail que seules les symĂ©tries de construction de ces deux contours, basĂ©es sur la thĂ©orie des groupes, importaient
Mise en place d'une consultation d'acupuncture sage-femme au Centre hospitalier de Saint-Malo
Acupuncture obstĂ©tricaleLâintĂ©rĂȘt de lâacupuncture en obstĂ©trique se dĂ©veloppe en France. Dans certaines rĂ©gions comme Ă lâEst de la France, sa pratique est courante, il nâen est rien pour lâOuest en particulier en Bretagne oĂč jâexerce. Nous avons souhaitĂ© faire un Ă©tat des lieux de la pratique de lâacupuncture dans les diffĂ©rentes maternitĂ©s bretonnes. Par ailleurs, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© la possibilitĂ© de mise en place dâune consultation dâacupuncture sage-femme dans une maternitĂ© de niveau 2 de lâhĂŽpital de Saint-Malo. Nous avons fait un point sur lâattente des professionnels et lâattente des femmes enceintes. La mise en place a pu ĂȘtre validĂ©e par la direction et nous en dĂ©taillons lâinstallatio
Tumeurs trophoblastiques gestationnelles de mauvais pronostic (évaluation de l' efficacité et de la tolérance du protocole de chimiothérapie associant : actinomycine D, cisplatine, etoposide (APE))
Les tumeurs trophoblastiques gestationnelles (TTG) de mauvais pronostic nĂ©cessitent un traitement par polychimiothĂ©rapie. L actinomycine D (A), le cisplatine (P), et l Ă©toposide (E) sont des cytotoxiques trĂšs actifs dans cette pathologie. L objectif de l Ă©tude est d Ă©valuer l efficacitĂ© et la tolĂ©rance de leur association.Il s agit d une Ă©tude rĂ©trospective portant sur 103 patientes traitĂ©es Ă l Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR) et dans d autres centres français entre 1983 et 2010 par ce protocole (APE) pour une TTG de mauvais pronostic (critĂšres IGR et/ou score FIGO > 6) soit d emblĂ©e, soit en cas de rechute ou de chimiorĂ©sistance. Le suivi mĂ©dian est de 6,6 ans.La survie globale Ă 5 ans est de 98%. Le taux de rĂ©mission complĂšte est de 95%. 7% des patientes ont rechutĂ©. 1 seule patiente est dĂ©cĂ©dĂ©e de sa TTG. La toxicitĂ© est essentiellement hĂ©matologique, neurologique et auditive, avec une meilleure tolĂ©rance depuis l adaptation du protocole avec une dose de cisplatine de 75mg/m . A long terme, aucun retentissement fonctionnel majeur secondaire Ă la chimiothĂ©rapie n est constatĂ©. 93% des patientes dĂ©sirant une grossesse ont Ă©tĂ© enceinte.L APE est un protocole de chimiothĂ©rapie trĂšs efficace pour le traitement des TTG de mauvais pronostic et relativement bien tolĂ©rĂ©, qui n altĂšre pas la fertilitĂ© des patientes. L index thĂ©rapeutique de l APE semble supĂ©rieur Ă celui de l EMA/CO (Ă©toposide, mĂ©thotrexate, actinomycine / cyclophosphamide, vincristine) et de l EMA/EP (Ă©toposide, mĂ©thotrexate, actinomycine / Ă©toposide, cisplatine). Nous le recommandons pour le traitement des TTG de mauvais pronostic.PARIS6-Bibl.PitiĂ©-SalpĂȘtrie (751132101) / SudocSudocFranceF
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