Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Étude des mécanismes de rétention du récepteur opioïde delta

Les médicaments de type opioïde représentent la classe de médicaments la plus utilisée pour les douleurs modérées à sévères. C’est pour cette raison que les opioïdes et leurs récepteurs sont très étudiés et qu’il y a beaucoup de publications sur ces récepteurs. En revanche, peu d’études ont cherché à identifier les partenaires d’interactions de ces récepteurs puis à comprendre les mécanismes d’adressage à la membrane. Même si le récepteur opioïde delta (DOPr) n’est pas encore ciblé en clinique, beaucoup d’équipes s’intéressent à son rôle et à l’effet d’agonistes DOPr dans le but de trouver une nouvelle avenue thérapeutique contre la douleur. Cependant, en condition normale, les agonistes DOPr ont un faible potentiel analgésique, expliqué par le faible niveau de DOPr à la surface cellulaire des neurones. C’est pourquoi il est important de comprendre son adressage à la membrane afin de combiner les traitements aux agonistes DOPr à une thérapie qui augmenterait l’expression de surface du récepteur. De plus, on sait qu’il existe un mécanisme de régulation de l’adressage de DOPr à la surface mais il reste peu compris. Nous avons donc analysé par spectrométrie de masse le complexe protéique résultant de l’immunoprécipitation de FlagDOPr, surexprimé dans des cellules HEK293, afin d’identifier de nouveaux partenaires d’interaction. Dans cette analyse, plusieurs protéines appartenant au complexe vésiculaire COPI ont été identifiées. Nous avons montré dans l’article que DOPr interagit avec COPI via les domaines intracellulaires 2 et 3 et que ces sites d’interaction sont responsables de la rétention de DOPr. De plus, mes travaux se sont penchés sur la régulation de DOPr à la surface cellulaire, telle que l’interaction DOPr avec les protéines cdk5 et pin1, deux protéines pouvant faire partie d’un mécanisme impliqué dans la régulation du transport de DOPr à la surface cellulaire. Comprendre l’export de DOPr est important pour le développement de nouvelles thérapies contre la douleur et plusieurs théories ont été abordées dans le cadre de mes travaux de maîtrise

Étude des mécanismes de rétention du récepteur opioïde delta

Les médicaments de type opioïde représentent la classe de médicaments la plus utilisée pour les douleurs modérées à sévères. C’est pour cette raison que les opioïdes et leurs récepteurs sont très étudiés et qu’il y a beaucoup de publications sur ces récepteurs. En revanche, peu d’études ont cherché à identifier les partenaires d’interactions de ces récepteurs puis à comprendre les mécanismes d’adressage à la membrane. Même si le récepteur opioïde delta (DOPr) n’est pas encore ciblé en clinique, beaucoup d’équipes s’intéressent à son rôle et à l’effet d’agonistes DOPr dans le but de trouver une nouvelle avenue thérapeutique contre la douleur. Cependant, en condition normale, les agonistes DOPr ont un faible potentiel analgésique, expliqué par le faible niveau de DOPr à la surface cellulaire des neurones. C’est pourquoi il est important de comprendre son adressage à la membrane afin de combiner les traitements aux agonistes DOPr à une thérapie qui augmenterait l’expression de surface du récepteur. De plus, on sait qu’il existe un mécanisme de régulation de l’adressage de DOPr à la surface mais il reste peu compris. Nous avons donc analysé par spectrométrie de masse le complexe protéique résultant de l’immunoprécipitation de FlagDOPr, surexprimé dans des cellules HEK293, afin d’identifier de nouveaux partenaires d’interaction. Dans cette analyse, plusieurs protéines appartenant au complexe vésiculaire COPI ont été identifiées. Nous avons montré dans l’article que DOPr interagit avec COPI via les domaines intracellulaires 2 et 3 et que ces sites d’interaction sont responsables de la rétention de DOPr. De plus, mes travaux se sont penchés sur la régulation de DOPr à la surface cellulaire, telle que l’interaction DOPr avec les protéines cdk5 et pin1, deux protéines pouvant faire partie d’un mécanisme impliqué dans la régulation du transport de DOPr à la surface cellulaire. Comprendre l’export de DOPr est important pour le développement de nouvelles thérapies contre la douleur et plusieurs théories ont été abordées dans le cadre de mes travaux de maîtrise

Self-Confidence and Teamwork: An Experimental Test

Abstract We use a laboratory experiment to study how self-confidence about skill influences teamwork. Our design is based on Gervais and Goldstei

Self-Confidence and Teamwork: An Experimental Test

Abstract We use a laboratory experiment to study how perceptions of skill influence teamwork. Our design is based on Gervais and Goldstein (2007) theory of teams. Team output is increasing in skill and in effort, skill and effort are complements, and workers&apos; effort choices are complements. An overconfident agent thinks that his skill is higher than it actually is. We find that the presence of overconfident workers in teams is beneficial for firms since it raises effort provision and team output. We also find that overconfidence leads to a Pareto improvement in workers&apos; payoffs. In contrast, underconfidence is detrimental to firms as well as workers. JEL Codes: D81; C91

Congenital perineal hernia

Perineal hernias can occur primarily or secondary to a pelvic operation. Among primary perineal hernias, the congenital type is very rare, with less than 10 cases reported in the literature. This is a case report of a healthy female child presenting with a congenital posterior perineal hernia who underwent successful delayed operative repair using a perineal approach. Level of evidence: Level V – case report. Keywords: Perineal hernia, Pelvic hernia, Congenital, Rare hernia, Rectal herni

Postpartum acquired haemophilia: a single centre experience with rituximab.

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Determination of visual portfolio for surgeons overseas assessment of surgical needs Nigeria study: Consensus generation through an e-Delphi process

Background: Surgery as a public health priority has received little attention until recently. There is a significant unmeasured and unmet burden of surgical illness in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Our aim was to generate a consensus among expert pediatric surgeons practicing in LMICs regarding the spectrum of pediatric surgical conditions that we should look out for in a community-based survey for Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Needs Nigeria study. Materials and Methods: The Delphi methodology was utilized to identify sets of variables from among a panel of experts. Each variable was scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The experts were provided with an anonymous summary of the results after the first round. A consensus was achieved after two rounds, defined by an improvement in the standard deviation (SD) of scores for a particular variable over that of the previous round. We invited 76 pediatric surgeons through e-mail across Africa but predominantly from Nigeria. Results: Twenty-one pediatric surgeons gave consent to participate through return of mail. Thirteen (62%) answered the first round statements and 8 (38%) the second round. In general, the strength of agreement to all statements of the questionnaire improved between the first and second rounds. Overall consensus, as expressed by the decrease in the mean SD from 0.84 in the first round to 0.68 in the second round, also improved over time. The strength of consensus improved for 23 (74%) of the statements. The strength of consensus decreased for the remaining 8 (26%) of statements. Out of the 31 consensus-generating statements, 16 (51%) scored high agreement, 13 (42%) scored low agreement, and 2 (15%) scored perfect disagreement. Conclusion: We have successfully identified the pediatric surgical conditions to be included in any community survey of pediatric surgical need in an LMIC setting