Micro-mechanisms of fatigue in short glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66: A multi-scale experimental analysis

The objective of this work is to identify and to analyze the main micro-mechanisms which govern the fatigue behavior of a short glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66 composite through a multi-scale experimental analysis. Tension-tension fatigue tests have been performed at different applied maximum stress and have been analyzed at both microscopic and macroscopic scale. Together with the progressive stiffness reduction, the temperature rise due to self-heating during cyclic loading has been measured using an infrared camera. Moreover, SEM fractography observations have been performed to assess the chronology of deformation mechanisms. Two principal mechanisms have been identified: matrix deformation due to self-heating and fiber-matrix interface damage. In addition, localized deformation zones have been observed around the fibers. The evolution of the size of these micro-ductile areas have been statistically related to the maximum applied stress. Finally, a competition between thermal fatigue and mechanical fatigue have been shown according to the loading amplitude

Fatigue Behavior of Polyamide 66/Glass Fiber Under Various Kinds of Applied Load

In this study, the fatigue behavior of polyamide 66 reinforced with short glass fibers and especially the role of glass fibers has been investigated under two kinds of cyclic loading. tension–tension fatigue tests with stress controlled and alternative flexural fatigue test with strain controlled were carried out. The main topics include microscope damage observation, described by fiber/matrix debonding and interfacial failure, endurance limit with Wohler curves, effect of self-heating temperature. For both tests, the surface temperature increases with an increasing applied load. The results show that the self-heating has an important effect in the failure point where the Wohler curves join each other. The fracture surface was analyzed by scanning electron microscope for both applied loads. The stress ratio is −1 for alternative flexural fatigue test and 0.1 and 0.3 for tension–tension fatigue test ones at frequencies ranging 2–60 Hz

An overview on different strategies for the stemness maintenance of MSCs

Recent evidence suggests that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have promising therapeutic potential for a broad range of diseases. Because the percentage of MSCs obtained from tissues is very low for cell therapy applications, ex vivo expansion of MSCs is necessary, but aging, loss of stemness and undesired differentiation of them during in vitro cultivation reduces their effectiveness. For achieving ideal therapeutic potential of MSCs in tissue regenerative purposes, it is necessary to retain their stemness properties in vitro. This review emphasis on the last updates in preserving the self-renewal capability of stem cells through in vitro expansion with different parameters

Fatigue Behavior of Polyamide 66/Glass Fiber Under Various Kinds of Applied Load

In this study, the fatigue behavior of polyamide 66 reinforced with short glass fibers and especially the role of glass fibers has been investigated under two kinds of cyclic loading. tension–tension fatigue tests with stress controlled and alternative flexural fatigue test with strain controlled were carried out. The main topics include microscope damage observation, described by fiber/matrix debonding and interfacial failure, endurance limit with Wohler curves, effect of self-heating temperature. For both tests, the surface temperature increases with an increasing applied load. The results show that the self-heating has an important effect in the failure point where the Wohler curves join each other. The fracture surface was analyzed by scanning electron microscope for both applied loads. The stress ratio is −1 for alternative flexural fatigue test and 0.1 and 0.3 for tension–tension fatigue test ones at frequencies ranging 2–60 Hz

Thermal Aging Effect on Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane

This study concerns the effect of thermal aging on mechanical properties of polyurethane. Polyurethane samples were exposed at 85° and 120°C under inert atmosphere. Mechanical tests were carried out on these samples the aging period. Tensile tests were performed to see the effect of aging on elastic modulus (E), stress (σr), and strain (ϵr) at break. It was shown that there are two distinct periods. Due to aging, E and σr increase in the first period, then they decrease in the second period. ϵr decreases first and then increases. Fatigue tests were performed on unaged and aged samples. It was shown that the fatigue behavior of polyurethane (PU) is improved the same way during the first stage of aging. In the second step, the number of cycles to failure increases due to aging. The results show that aging has an important effect on mechanical properties of PU. The strain at break decreases during the first step of aging due to post-cross-linking and then increases due to chain scission in the network. Based on these results, the effect of cross-linking and chain scission on the mechanical properties of PU was discussed

Anti-bacterial activity of inorganic nanomaterials and their antimicrobial peptide conjugates against resistant and non-resistant pathogens

This review details the antimicrobial applications of inorganic nanomaterials of mostly metallic form, and the augmentation of activity by surface conjugation of peptide ligands. The review is subdivided into three main sections, of which the first describes the antimicrobial activity of inorganic nanomaterials against gram-positive, gram-negative and multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. The second section highlights the range of antimicrobial peptides and the drug resistance strategies employed by bacterial species to counter lethality. The final part discusses the role of antimicrobial peptide-decorated inorganic nanomaterials in the fight against bacterial strains that show resistance. General strategies for the preparation of antimicrobial peptides and their conjugation to nanomaterials are discussed, emphasizing the use of elemental and metallic oxide nanomaterials. Importantly, the permeation of antimicrobial peptides through the bacterial membrane is shown to aid the delivery of nanomaterials into bacterial cells. By judicious use of targeting ligands, the nanomaterial becomes able to differentiate between bacterial and mammalian cells and, thus, reduce side effects. Moreover, peptide conjugation to the surface of a nanomaterial will alter surface chemistry in ways that lead to reduction in toxicity and improvements in biocompatibility

Approche cinétique du comportement en fatigue du Polyamide 66 renforcé par 30% de fibres de verre

In this work, the fatigue behavior of short glass fibers reinforced polyamide 66 has been investigated. This material has many applications where it undergoes dynamic loads, such as parts of under the hood of a vehicle. The comprehension of micro-mechanisms which govern the fatigue behavior of this material have a key role to design these parts. In order to observe the influence of load direction respect to fiber orientation two kinds of applied load were selected; Tension-Tension Fatigue tests and Alternative Flexural Fatigue were carried out. For both tests, the surface temperature increases with an increasing applied load. The results show that an increasing self heating temperature depends on frequency and applied load level. Self heating temperature has an important effect in the failure point where the Wohler curves join each other. During the damage initiation period, no change of macroscopic properties, density, cristallinity ratio, glass transition temperature, flexural elastic modulus is observed. One break just before the final fracture allows the relaxation of microdefects and increases the number of cycles at fracture. The life time has been modeled for Polyamide 66 and its composite.Pendant ce travail, nous avons étudié le comportement en fatigue d'un polyamide 66 chargé de fibres de verre. Ce matériau a de nombreuses applications où il subit des sollicitations dynamiques, comme les pièces sous capot d'un véhicule. La compréhension des micro-mécanismes qui gouvernent le comportement de ce matériau en fatigue joue un rôle essentiel dans la conception de ces pièces. Dans le but d'observer l'influence de la direction de sollicitation par rapport à l'orientation des fibres ainsi que le rôle de l'interface, deux types de sollicitation ont été choisis : La sollicitation en Flexion Alternée et la sollicitation en Traction- Traction. Pour les ces deux types de sollicitation, la température de surface augmente pendant les tests. Les résultats montrent que cette augmentation dépend du niveau de chargement et de la fréquence. Les courbes de Wöhler se rejoignent et la température induite par l'auto-échauffement à ce point de jonction augmente pour les deux essais avec une allure identique. Pendant la période d'amorçage des fissures en flexion alternée, nous n'avons pas observé de changement macroscopique des propriétés de l'éprouvette, densité, taux de cristallinité, température de transitions vitreuse et module d'élasticité. Un temps de repos à proximité de la rupture permet de relaxer les micro-défauts et d'augmenter le nombre de cycles à la rupture. La durée de vie a été modélisée pour le polyamide 66 et son composite

Approche cinétique du comportement en fatigue du Polyamide 66 renforcé par 30% de fibres de verre

Pendant ce travail, nous avons étudié le comportement en fatigue d'un polyamide 66 chargé de fibres de verre. Ce matériau a de nombreuses applications où il subit des sollicitations dynamiques, comme les pièces sous capot d'un véhicule. La compréhension des micro-mécanismes qui gouvernent le comportement de ce matériau en fatigue joue un rôle essentiel dans la conception de ces pièces. Dans le but d'observer l'influence de la direction de sollicitation par rapport à l'orientation des fibres ainsi que le rôle de l'interface, deux types de sollicitation ont été choisis : La sollicitation en Flexion Alternée et la sollicitation en Traction- Traction. Pour les ces deux types de sollicitation, la température de surface augmente pendant les tests. Les résultats montrent que cette augmentation dépend du niveau de chargement et de la fréquence. Les courbes de Wöhler se rejoignent et la température induite par l'auto-échauffement à ce point de jonction augmente pour les deux essais avec une allure identique. Pendant la période d'amorçage des fissures en flexion alternée, nous n'avons pas observé de changement macroscopique des propriétés de l'éprouvette, densité, taux de cristallinité, température de transitions vitreuse et module d'élasticité. Un temps de repos à proximité de la rupture permet de relaxer les micro-défauts et d'augmenter le nombre de cycles à la rupture. La durée de vie a été modélisée pour le polyamide 66 et son compositeIn this work, the fatigue behavior of short glass fibers reinforced polyamide 66 has been investigated. This material has many applications where it undergoes dynamic loads, such as parts of under the hood of a vehicle. The comprehension of micro-mechanisms which govern the fatigue behavior of this material have a key role to design these parts. In order to observe the influence of load direction respect to fiber orientation two kinds of applied load were selected; Tension-Tension Fatigue tests and Alternative Flexural Fatigue were carried out. For both tests, the surface temperature increases with an increasing applied load. The results show that an increasing self heating temperature depends on frequency and applied load level. Self heating temperature has an important effect in the failure point where the Wohler curves join each other. During the damage initiation period, no change of macroscopic properties, density, cristallinity ratio, glass transition temperature, flexural elastic modulus is observed. One break just before the final fracture allows the relaxation of microdefects and increases the number of cycles at fracture. The life time has been modeled for Polyamide 66 and its composite.PARIS-Arts et Métiers (751132303) / SudocSudocFranceF