Εξέλιξη νομικού πλαισίου έκδοσης οικοδομικών αδειών και ελέγχου κατασκευών - Ευθύνη εμπλεκομένων μερών

155 σ.Με την παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία επιχειρείται η παρουσίαση των βασικών αλλαγών και βελτιώσεων που επιφέρει στην έκδοση οικοδομικών αδειών και τον συνακόλουθο έλεγχο των κατασκευών ο νόμος 4030/2011 (ΦΕΚ 249Α΄/25-9-2011) «Νέος τρόπος έκδοσης αδειών Δόμησης, ελέγχου κατασκευών και λοιπές διατάξεις.», με τον οποίο αντικαθίσταται το «απερχόμενο» Προεδρικό Διάταγμα της 8/13.7.1993 που ίσχυσε για περίπου μια εικοσαετία σε συνδυασμό με τον ΓΟΚ ’85 και επηρέασε αποφασιστικά την παραγωγή έργων στην ελληνική επικράτεια, δημιουργώντας το σημερινό ελληνικό οικιστικό τοπίο. Παρουσιάζονται τα κυριότερα ερμηνευτικά έγγραφα και η επίδρασή τους στην εφαρμογή του νόμου. Παρουσιάζεται ,επίσης, εν συντομία η προ του έτους 1993 νομοθεσία εκδόσεως αδειών και ελέγχου κατασκευών και αναλύονται οι βασικές διαφορές τους. Σκιαγραφείται η σκοπιά του νομοθέτη ως προς την ευθύνη των εμπλεκομένων μερών (μηχανικού, ιδιοκτήτη, Διοίκησης). Τέλος, παρουσιάζεται το σχέδιο Προεδρικού Διατάγματος για την εφαρμογή της Ηλεκτρονικής Ταυτότητας Κτιρίου που βρίσκεται υπό επεξεργασία στο Συμβούλιο της Επικρατείας.This thesis aims to present the main changes and improvements to the issuance of building permits and the subsequent control of constructions brought by the law 4030/2011 (ΟGG 249A΄/ 25-9-2011) "New Way of Building licensing, costruction audit and other provisions.", which replaced the "outgoing" Presidential Decree of 8/13.7.1993 which ran for about twenty years in conjunction with Building Code '85 and decisively influenced the production of works in Greece, creating the current residential landscape. We present the main interpretive documents and their impact on the implementation of the law. We, also, present the legislation prior to year 1993 and analyze their key differences. We outline the legislature’s perspective as to the responsibility of the parties involved (Engineer, Owner, Administration). Finally we present the draft Presidential Decree on the implementation of the Electronic Identity of Buildings which is under development and consideration in the Council of State.Φραγκίσκος Ν. Επιτρόπουλο

Presbyopia:Effectiveness of correction strategies

Presbyopia is a global problem affecting over a billion people worldwide. The prevalence of unmanaged presbyopia is as high as 50% of those over 50 years of age in developing world populations due to a lack of awareness and accessibility to affordable treatment, and is even as high as 34% in developed countries. Definitions of presbyopia are inconsistent and varied, so we propose a redefinition that states “presbyopia occurs when the physiologically normal age-related reduction in the eye's focusing range reaches a point, when optimally corrected for distance vision, that the clarity of vision at near is insufficient to satisfy an individual's requirements”. Presbyopia is inevitable if one lives long enough, but intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors including cigarette smoking, pregnancy history, hyperopic or astigmatic refractive error, ultraviolet radiation, female sex (although accommodation is similar to males), hotter climates and some medical conditions such as diabetes can accelerate the onset of presbyopic symptoms. Whilst clinicians can ameliorate the symptoms of presbyopia with near vision spectacle correction, bifocal and progressive spectacle lenses, monovision, translating or multifocal contact lenses, monovision, extended depth of focus, multifocal (refractive, diffractive and asymmetric designs) or ‘accommodating’ intraocular lenses, corneal inlays, scleral expansion, laser refractive surgery (corneal monovision, corneal shrinkage, corneal multifocal profiles and lenticular softening), pharmacologic agents, and electro-stimulation of the ciliary muscle, none fully overcome presbyopia in all patients. While the restoration of natural accommodation or an equivalent remains elusive, guidance is gives on presbyopic correction evaluation techniques

Political travel across the ‘Iron Curtain’ and Communist youth identities in West Germany and Greece in the 1970s and 1980s

This article explores tours through the Iron Curtain arranged by West German and Greek pro-Soviet Communist youth groups, in an attempt to shed light on the transformation of European youth cultures beyond the ‘Americanisation’ story. It argues that the concept of the ‘black box’, employed by Rob Kroes to describe the influence of American cultural patterns on Western European youth, also applies to the reception of Eastern Bloc policies and norms by the Communists under study. Such selective reception was part of these groups’ efforts to devise a modernity alternative to the ‘capitalist’ one, an alternative modernity which tours across the Iron Curtain would help establish. Nevertheless, the organisers did not wish such travel to help eliminate American/Western influences on youth lifestyles entirely: the article analyses the excursions’ aims with regard to two core components of youth lifestyles in Western Europe since the 1960s, which have been affected by intra-Western flows, the spirit of ‘doing one’s own thing’ and transformations of sexual practices. The article also addresses the experience of the travellers in question, showing that they felt an unresolved tension: the tours neither served as a means of Sovietisation nor as an impulse to develop an openly anti-Soviet stance.PostprintPeer reviewe

Refractive outcomes of intraoperative wavefront aberrometry versus optical biometry alone for intraocular lens power calculation

Purpose: To compare the outcomes of intraoperative wavefront aberrometry versus optical biometry alone for intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation in eyes undergoing cataract surgery with monofocal IOL implantation. Methods: Preoperative data were obtained with the IOLMaster. Intraoperative aphakic measurements and IOL power calculations were obtained in some patients with the optiwave refractive analysis (ORA) system. Analysis was performed to determine the accuracy of monofocal IOL power prediction and postoperative manifest refraction at 1 month of the ORA versus IOLMaster. Results: Two hundred and ninety-five eyes reviewed, 61 had only preoperative IOLMaster measurements and 234 had both IOLMaster and ORA measurements. Of these 234 eyes, 6 were excluded, 107 had the same recommended IOL power by ORA and IOLMaster. Sixty-four percent of these eyes were within ±0.5D. 95 eyes had IOL power implantation based on ORA instead of IOLMaster. Seventy percent of these eyes were within ±0.5D of target refraction. 26 eyes had IOL power chosen based on IOLMaster predictions instead of ORA. Sixty-five percent were within ±0.5D. In the group with IOLMaster without ORA measurements, 80% of eyes were within ±0.5D of target refraction. The absolute error was statistically smaller in those eyes where the ORA and IOLMaster recommended the same IOL power based on preoperative target refraction compared to instances in which IOL selection was based on ORA or IOLMaster alone. Neither prediction errors were statistically different between the ORA and IOLMaster alone. Conclusion: Intraoperative wavefront aberrometry with the ORA system provides postoperative refractive results comparable to conventional biometry with the IOLMaster for monofocal IOL selection

Tear lipid layer thickness with eye drops in meibomian gland dysfunction

Jennifer S Fogt,1 Matthew J Kowalski,1 P Ewen King-Smith,1 Alice T Epitropolous,2 Andrew J Hendershot,2 Carrie Lembach,2 John Paul Maszczak,1 Lisa A Jones-Jordan,1 Joseph T Barr1 1The Ohio State University College of Optometry, 2The Ohio State University Department of Ophthalmology, Columbus, OH, USA Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a lipid containing emollient eye drop, Soothe XP, which was reformulated in 2014 with a more stable preservative and buffer system, compared to a control, non-emollient, eye drop (Systane Ultra) in improving lipid layer thickness (LLT) in subjects with dry eye due to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).Patients and methods: This prospective single-center, open-label, cross-over, examiner masked-study enrolled subjects aged 30–75 years with lipid-deficient dry eye and a clinical diagnosis of MGD as determined by a slit lamp examination, an evaluation of meibomian gland drop out with meibography, and a standard patient evaluation of eye dryness questionnaire of >5. Eligibility was then determined by a LLT of <75 nm at baseline and the inability to increase LLT ≥15 nm with three blinks, as determined by interferometric methods. Subjects were randomized to receive a single emollient or non-emollient eye drop at Visit 1 and were crossed over for the alternate treatment at Visit 2. At each visit, LLT was measured prior to and 15 minutes following the instillation of the assigned eye drop. The primary endpoint was the change in LLT from baseline.Results: Subjects (n=40) were enrolled and 35 completed the two study arms. Mean (±SD) patient age was 55.7 years (10.9) and 69% were female. Mean (±SD) LLT at baseline was 49.5 nm (9.2). Instillation of Soothe XP resulted in an increase in LLT to 77.5 nm (29.3) 15 minutes following drop instillation, which is an increase of 28.0 nm (27.4) (P<0.001). In contrast, LLT 15 minutes after the instillation of Systane Ultra was 50.8 nm (14.1), which was not statistically significant when compared to the baseline LLT.Conclusion: In this study of subjects with MGD, the emollient, or lipid containing eye drop, increased the LLT of tears when measured 15 minutes after instilling a single eye drop. Keywords: dry eye, lipid, emollient, thickness, meibomian, interferometry&nbsp